The s Reading Process Theory Through The Text Of Mrs...

Yadav Dr. Nidhi Vats M.A. English (Final) Decoding Wolfgang Iser‟s Reading Process Theory through the Text of Mrs Dalloway and Bravely Fought the Queen In the 1960s, the new criticism theory in the American Literary arena focused on the reading of a literary text as an independent form and not to be studied in relation to any context. This gave birth to another theory that began majorly in 1960s and 1970s known as reader response criticism, which also tried to do away with the author‟s role and focused on the reader‟s perception that defined the text‟s subjectivity. In his work ‘The Reading Process-A Phenomenological Approach’, Wolfgang Iser describes about the reading of a literary work or text as an interaction between the reader and the author. In order to understand a text in a better way and to explore its meaning, Louise Rosenblatt in his work ‘Literature as Exploration’ described how the readers should be free from any â€Å"preconceived notions about the proper way to react to any work† (Lewis,C.S.,1961) to experience any work or text individually. Similarly, Iser also want the readers to make a niche for themselves while the aesthetic reading of a wok or a text. Wolfgang Iser‟s reading in reference to two works, namely, Mrs Dalloway by Virginia Woolf and Bravely Fought the Queen by Mahesh Dattani has been assessed in order to have a better understanding and a practical approach in exploration or understanding the meaning of the texts. Mrs Dalloway

Business Law Is A Common Study For People Today - 962 Words

1. Introduction In the era of globalization, business law is a common study for people today as commerce has become our trend in the worldwide. In this report, we will mainly focus on the main component of the law of contract which is consideration. Besides, we also will briefly explain the principles of offer and acceptance of offer in our case study. In this report, the principles of consideration consist of four elements which are consideration must be sufficient and need not be adequate, consideration need not move from the promisee, part payment of debt as satisfaction of a full debt, and past consideration is valid consideration. Moreover, we also have made a depth-research on principles of consideration with a several law cases which can be regarded to each principle. Furthermore, we also will highlights and details the principles in the law cases with a few factual statements which have been proven in famous law books in our country. This research definitely will help us to k now more details about business law in our country. 2. Body 2.1 Consideration must be sufficient and need not be adequate In dictionary, sufficient and adequate have the similar meaning to the word â€Å"enough†. In business law, adequate refers to comparative value of the promisor’s promise and the act or promise given by the promisee while sufficient can be deemed as the accepted range within the promises. (Cheshire Fitfoot Furmston, P.80) The reason why consideration must be sufficient andShow MoreRelatedQualities Traits And Styles Of Leadership1364 Words   |  6 Pagesand evaluate a theory of leadership and the role of one or more ethical leaders in creating and maintaining an ethical business organization. Leaders and their chosen styles of leadership are all different. In an early study of identifying the different styles, Kurt Lewin ,who led a group of researchers in 1939, performed the first major study of leadership styles. 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Thai Elephants and Its Significant Free Essays

string(75) " number of poaching for elephants’ body was also increasing continually\." The elephant, the giant size animal with enormous power and gentle heart, is a living creature that have special place in Thai’s heart. It has been the icon of Thai tradition, culture and royal power through centuries since the old Siam. The thousand and thousand years of relationship between Thai people and elephants are even recorded and can be found abundantly on the pages of Thai’s historical book. We will write a custom essay sample on Thai Elephants and Its Significant or any similar topic only for you Order Now Because of their long association, it surely can be said that Thailand is to elephants and elephants is to Thailand. The elephant has been an integral part of Thailand’s history and culture through both good time and war time. It is a symbol of tradition, history, royal, fortune and superstition. According to Buddhist legend, Queen Maya of Sakya, Lord Buddha’s mother, was dreamed that a divine Bodhisattva on white elephant touched her side. Later she became pregnant. This is why elephants are place in high esteem and reverence to Thai people, and white elephants are representing as high dignity and majesty. Therefore, the white elephant was a national emblem on Siam’s national flag. Moreover, the elephants are on Thai’s stamps, Navy flag, Bangkok Metropolitan Administration, coins, architectures, Buddhist art, temples and many more. The country annually celebrates the 13th of March as Elephant Day. In general, elephants are the largest land animal that exists now. They are great in size with enormous strength, intelligent, and gentle creature. Elephants are highly socialized animals. They live in forests, grassland and scrub with their family herds and friends. The life span of elephants is closely equal to human beings, approximately 70-100 years. The elephant’s gestation period is between 18 to 22 months. Elephants become sexually mature at the age of 16 as their early teens. A mature male elephant of age 20 is usually stay in pairs or a group of three. There is a hierarchy in elephant, the dominant adult male elephant with experience and strength is established and gain respect from their younger elephants in the group. The older female with years of accumulated knowledge is respected by the female members. The prime life of elephants that reach the peak of their physical power is between the ages of 25-40. They begin to slow down after the age of 40 and set in approximately at the age of 55. They normally live for 80 years or more. Elephants are herbivorous. They enjoy a variety of vegetation like bamboo, grasses, trees, plant leaves and fruits. A mature elephant can consume up to 200-300 kilograms of food and 60 gallons of water a day. Elephants are the kind of animal that love affection and attention. They have a gentle hearts and value friendship. Thai elephants have shared history with Thai people in traditional and cultural ways since the days of old Siam. Historically, elephants were people main transportation, labor and warfare. Based on historical recorded, elephants are supreme importance in the battlefield. The most renowned elephant war was 300 years ago between Thai and Burma. They were used as the main source of army with fully plate amours. In elephant dual, commanders would sit on elephants’ backs and combat adversaries. In the battlefield of the late 17th century, there were as many of 20,000 war elephants in Siam’s army. There were four renowned war elephant in Thai’s history as follows: the battle between King Ramkhamhaeng and Khun Sam Chon during Sukhothai era, Chao Aye Phraya and Chao Yee Phraya in early Ayuthaya era, Queen Srisuriyothai and Pharachao Prae, a Burmese commander in Ayuthaya Era, and King Naresuan and the Burmese Crown Prince in Ayuthaya Era. Recently, the films called ‘Srisuriyothai’ and â€Å"King Naresuan† were made. War elephants were included as an important part of the movies. The importance of Thai elephants is not only for the used in battlefields. Elephants are also the prestige animals to Thai’s Kings, specifically white elephants. A white elephant is a symbol of royal power. It features King’s power and monarch by numbers. It is believed that the more white elephants held to the King, the more King’s power in the adversaries. However, a white elephant is rare and is registered as the private property of reigning Monarch when they once found. It represents auspicious and the king’s prestige. White elephants are known as Royal elephants. It is noted that H. M. King Bhumibol also has stables of white elephants. The white elephant was also featured in the Siam national flag until the country had changed the name to Thailand. In the old days when the nation was not occupied with wars, elephants became the use of beast of burden. With their great size, enormous power and talent, elephants were capable as best carrier for heavy matters and human’s transportation. Not long ago, elephants are used for the forest work where machines are not determined as best equipments. The labor of elephants is preferred as they would not devastate even small crops. In fact, they were required years of training start from the age of 4 and were trained by two mahouts for about twenty years, and then put to work in the timber industry. Working elephants have a career of about 50 years and then set free as their retirement at the age of 61. Their daily tasks were the extraction of heavy teak logs, haul logs, carrier and mountaineer. The working elephant is capable of lifting up 700 kilograms of log with tusks and dragging the load of 1. 5 tons. Elephants have work schedule and future career just like we do. Due to the ban of logging industries from Thai’s government in 1989, the elephants’ situation came to the downside. Thousands of them were thrown out of work. Moreover, the deforestation and the decrease of forest surface due to the big increase in human population affected the habitat loss of elephants. Many elephants died from starvation. The number of poaching for elephants’ body was also increasing continually. You read "Thai Elephants and Its Significant" in category "Essay examples" The above causation led to the dramatic drop in numbers of elephants in Thailand over the past hundred years. In the early 20th century, there were the numbers of approximately 300,000 elephants compare to the numbers of approximately 3,000 elephants that extinct today. Thai elephants are in the severest situation. Nowadays, several projects and conservation are constituted to preserve wild life elephants. The project of bring elephants home is to support elephants in Thailand as well as their mahouts and families who depend mostly on elephants for survival. These organizations are trying to gather as many numbers of elephants in the area, training them, and recruiting them new jobs. Elephants are reemployed mainly for tourist’s entertainment. The elephant show is what they are currently doing in the Thai Elephant Conservation Center in Lampang, the Elephant Nature Park in Chiang Mai and the Khao Yai National Park for example. Elephants will be train to entertain tourists. Thanks for their innate intelligence, elephants can do various kinds of sports and games such as drawing picture, playing football, dancing, racing, trekking, logging, and caravan. They love games and music. The elephant show attracts great numbers of visitors from Thai and foreign countries. However, there are some elephants sent to the forest and mountain to learn how to work. No matter how elephants have always been loved to Thai people, there are numbers of elephants have been sent abroad recently. According to news, Thai government had export 8 elephants to China. Another eight elephants were export to Australian zoos in 2006. It is claimed that elephants were sent for research and development purpose. Australia bought 8 elephants for a breeding program of endangered species. However, there were controversy and protest from animal rights activists before the elephants’ journey to new home. Last year, one of the eight elephants gave birth to a new male baby born elephant at Sydney’s Taronga zoo. And there are two female elephants on gestation. The shrinkage of forest areas in Thailand seems to be initial problems to the current situation of Thai elephants. 70 percent of the forest areas disappeared in less than a century. Even though, logging was banned in 1989. There is still ongoing illegal logging. The forest devastation affects elephants’ habitat and inadequate food for survival. Daily high consumption of elephants threatened the owner and themselves. This situation leads the problem of elephants roaming in the city street for money by their owners. Nevertheless, there are more problems that threaten the numbers of elephants and put elephants in endangered species. Illegal poaching for elephants’ live capture, tusks, calves, ivories, meat and other part of the body for trade and medical use are definitely severe threats as it can also distort sex ratios in the population and affect reproduction. Moreover, there is the conflict issue between human and elephants on the protected areas. When human population have been increasing, forest areas have been destruction for farms, settlements, and other facilities to serve human needs. Starved elephants enter the new protected areas that used to be their forests and hunt for food on human’s crops and other agricultural plants. They cause damage to human’s properties. Later, human try to protect their farmlands from the invaded elephants. Sadly, the protection is resulting in elephant’s capture, poison, electrocution and shooting. There are many research and report done by conservationists to reduce the impact and mainly to preserve the giant living creature from the soon extinct. Currently, Wild elephants in Thailand are on the protected species under the Protection of Wildlife Conservation Act 1992. But it doesn’t seem to be enough action according to the reducing numbers of elephants. The population of wild elephants is decreasing continually whereas the population of domesticated elephants is increasing. Therefore, wild elephants should be put on endangered species list. This is to protect them from poaching and commercial purpose. Same as domesticated elephants that are currently under the Beast of Burden Act, they should be considering remove from the Beast of Burden Act and replace with the Protection of Wildlife Conservation Act 1992. Restriction of the ownership transfer should be considering as well. It can protect future trading. Regular elephants’ Medicare, food and veterinary are necessary and need to be provide by government or organizations to solve the loss problem. It is because the nurture cost for elephants is relatively high and most elephants’ owners are poor, then they could not afford the high cost. It is time to put elephant’s monitoring in systematic. The record of birth, transfer, breeding and death should be strictly report to keep the most accuracy track on elephants’ situation. The one widely seen problem of elephants is the mahout’s roaming elephants on the city street. It should be strictly ban to protect elephants from sickness and accident. Also, Mahouts should be provided with appropriate jobs, therefore they would not bring elephants to the city street. New elephants’ habitat is important and need to be processed in suitable areas. It is suggested by Thai Elephant Research and Conservation Funds, TERF, that Thai need new elephant law. The law should be in serious condition and long term conservation for both wild and domesticated elephants. At present, wild elephants in Thailand are protected under national law and the CITES treaty which involve the prohibition of ivory trade. It is obvious that Thailand’s long national emblem of power and peace is in severe condition. The modernization of the country that replaces the old traditional way of living may favor Thai people in 20th centuries. Unfortunately, it doesn’t seem to be the same favor given to elephants. The awakening is needed to preserve the living magnificent and generous animal of the country’s liberated heroes from the extinction. How Thai can be proud with the loss of national emblem. Next generations of the next would not delight to see their unsung hero through the historical text books or elsewhere. Elephants, friends of ours, need abruptly attention and great concerned. Elephant is to Thailand and Thailand needs elephants. It is not only for the history, but it’s for the future of the nations and eternity. How to cite Thai Elephants and Its Significant, Essay examples

Stakeholder Local Environmental Group †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Stakeholder Local Environmental Group. Answer: Introduction The reported below used 2016 Annual Report with particular focus on the sustainability to help the Local Environmental Group understand how best Alumina Limited engages in practices and operations that might harm the environment and the mechanism that the company is undertaking both proactive and reactive ones to mitigate the effects to the environment. The report basically examines Alumina Limiteds commitment to report on the non-financial performance highlighted on its sustainability policy and its commitment to high-levels of transparent disclosure. The report will make the Local Community Group where Alcoa World Alumina and Chemicals (AWAC) undertakes its operations that may greatly affect the environment if unchecked. The report will mainly covers AWAC operations where the highest sustainability impact depends. The report will help provide an easy access to the consolidated information regarding the sustainability performance of AWAC and culminate in greater understanding of quality and value of such assets. Interpretation Alumina Limited Profile The Company is a leading Australian firm listed on the ASX and trades in the United States on OTCQX market. Alumina invest globally in bauxite mining, chosen aluminium smelting operations and alumina refining via its forty percent ownership of AWAC. The Alcoa is Aluminas partner Alcoa Corporation which owns the remaining sixty percent of AWAC and Alcoa Corporation is the manager. Alumina Limited is a typical representation of a distinct opportunity for the AWAC pure investment, one of global biggest producers of bauxite and alumina. Alumina has a clear understanding of the fundamental association between AWACs long-run profitability and sustainability of AWACs operating performance. The decisions made today by Alumina is clearly understood by Alumina Limited to have direct influence on future economic, environmental as well as social outcomes. The Alumina Limited acknowledges that sustainable development alongside growth remains fundamental to AWAC and hence recognize Alcoa Corporati on as the global leader in the corporate sustainable development. Sustainability: Overview Alumina Limited and Alcoa Corporation share a common belief that the impacts of its business stretch past its corporate borders thereby affecting social, economic and environmental elements of the stakeholders. Alumina Limited recognizes stakeholders to range from individuals affected directly by business; workers, suppliers, customers, shareholders, and the public in localities AWAC operates to those individuals impacted indirectly like uses of end product. Such a recognition is important to the Local Community Group (chosen stakeholder) to which report is intended since their objective is to protect all these mentioned stakeholders. Alumina Limited holds that to operate sustainably, the company has to acknowledge the responsibilities to such several interested parties and subsequently act accordingly (Kurup, Altham and Van 2005). AWAC has harnessed the resourcefulness, competency, capability as well as strength of the workforce thereby developing business responsibly and establishing a positive legacy for its several stakeholders that this local group seeks to protect (Deegan and Islam 2012). The sustainable operations of AWAC are driven by the belief that sustainability regards working more efficiently and effectively to enhance environmental outcomes as well restrain the environmental impact, enhance quality of life (QoL) of individual impacted by the operations of AWAC including AWAC employees safety and health thereby driving business performance and long-run value to its stakeholders. Alumina Limited is effective since it believe that sustainability goals must be integrated into business strategy as well as processes instead of a subordinate attempt that risks dilution. Despite being non-operating partner in AWAC, Alumina turn to, and support, Alcoa (global leader of best-practice sustainability), operating manager of AWAC, it its programs that drive sustainability (Fergusson 2014). Sustainability Material Risk and Long-run Objectives The Energy Usage Alumina Limited has effective availed information that helps check on the potential impact on sustainability of AWAC and long-run global objectives have been established by Alcoa to mitigate impacts. The company recognizes that energy is an important element in production of alumina and Aluminium. The firm has presented measures taken to ensure energy is used in an efficient manner as energy efficiency remains a key factor in sustainable environment performance. The report outlines that Almina Limited uses a 2005 as baseline where it has set a target to ensure ten percent reduction in energy intensity of the AWACs global operations by 2020 and this is expected to be 15% by 2030. Water Management and Security Alumina Limited report has clearly outlined the measures that are undertaken to ensue effective management of water and security. The company recognizes in its report that water is essential raw material utilized at each point of mining, smelting and refining operations of AWAC. The report reveals that the company is keen to ensure water sustainability as its scarcity will greatly impact AWACs production, costs, and performance financially. The report uses the 2005 baseline and projects a twenty-five reduction in average freshwater-usage intensity alongsidde30% by year 2030. Emissions The report recognizes the need to reduce emissions because production of Aluminium remains an energy-intensive operations. It recognizes how significantly carbon footing is affected by electricity energy provider. The report identifies clearly that Greenhouse gas emission (GHG) are natural corollary to the energy-intensive AWACs operations. The firm has subsequently highlighted in the report the need to set targets for reduction in both direct and indirect carbon dioxide equivalent intensity for international operations by 30% by 2020 and 35% by 2030. Land Management and Rehabilitation The report identifies bauxite mining as a contributor to most land being disturbed by operation of AWAC. The company recognizes the need to commit to minimize disturbances of original habitat. For this reason, AWAC work closely with community and regulatory stakeholders towards the restoration of such lands impacted to most productive use feasible, encompassing, where possible, re-establishing conditions for pre-operation. The report identifies the seriousness of Alumina Limited to achieve aggressive minimum environmental footprint for every mine by 2020. Waste The report clearly highlights the extent to which Alumina and Aluminum processing create waste product. It gives all information indicating that the most significant waste is bauxite residue approximated to be 1.5 tonne of residue result a tonne of produced alumina. The reports highlights that Alumina Limited prioritizes the minimization of waste via innovative process alongside alternative use for waste products to reduce environmental footprint of AWAC. The company has set to rehabilitate thirty percent of total bauxite residue storage region by 2020 which is expected to hit 40% by 2030. The company also aims at recycling or reusing fifteen percent of bauxite residue produced by 2020 and thirty percent by 2030. The company has also set to reduce bauxite residue land requirement a unit of alumina generated since 2005 by fifteen- and thirty by 2020 and 2030 in that order. Workforce Health and Safety The report highlights how strong systems and focused safety culture committed to endless enhancement are used to manage safety in the complex mining alongside manufacturing environment of AWAC. The report shows how substantial intellectual, system and financial resources investment has been done by Alcoa to ensure workforce health and safety by understanding the core drivers of safety behavior. The report indicates that Alumina Limited undertake such investment to get rid of facilities and serious injuries from operations of AWAC. The companys objective is zero fatalities and serious injuries as well as illness. Sustainability Approach Alumina Limited supports Alcoa to manage AWAC thereby achieving best practices in safety, environment, community as well as financial performance via strong, collaborative as well as informed governance. Alumina Limited together with Alcoa review AWACs long-run sustainability objectives and strategies. The report also outlines that Alumina Limited supports sustainability practices and policies implemented by Alcoa in AWAC to guarantee sustainable operations (Solutions 2016). The companys Board always assess any potential risks to environment via its own risk assessment processes. Adherence to Environmental Regulation Australian AWAC operations adheres strictly to several Commonwealth alongside state laws that govern the environment protection in water and air quality, emission of waste and disposal, assessment of environmental impact, rehabilitation of mine, access and use of ground water (Corder, Van, Lay and Van 2006). Most AWAC operation adhere to licensing requirement to conduct activities under environmental protection legislation of state of operation. AWAC also adhere to specific licences to subject site requirement. Sustainability Challenges The report has recognized some of the sustainability challenges that the Local Community Group need to acknowledge. The processes that are used by the company are highly aluminium and resource intensive which a key challenge to sustainability. Refining alumina from the bauxite calls for substantial energy in terms of steam and heat. Smelting Aluminium consumes substantial amount of electricity used in the conversion of alumina into aluminium metal through an electrolysis process (Cooling 2007). Whereas the alumina and aluminium production produce significant social and economic benefits, Alumina Limited remain mindful of need to balance such activities with responsible environmental stewardship to allow the minimization of adverse impacts on the local environment as well as the neighboring communities (Mudd 2007). Some of the key sustainability challenges that faced AWAC have been clearly identified. There was a challenge of energy sources for the energy intensive business but the company has engaged the experts to assess the potential of harnessing solar energy to reduce the impacts on the environment. The company also faced a challenge of improving energy efficiency in order to conserve energy as well as reduce related emission for sustainable environment (Beers, Bossilkov, Corder and Berkel 2007). The firm further face a challenge of bauxite residue as well as storage to reduce footprints as well as move towards alternative utilization for residue but the company has since introduce new technology for filtration. The company also faced a sustainability challenge of reducing carbon emission in order to enhance emissions intensity as well as reduce the absolute emissions. There was also a problem of water management to reduce the usage of freshwater. Further, Alumina Limited faced a challenge of minimizing impacts to biodiversity and land. Environmental Improvement Plans The Alcoa has taken the front foot strategy towards addressing the climate change by working closely with local communities. Alumina Limited is also working with the local communities to reduce the greenhouse emission via energy efficiency, productivity enhancement as well as technological innovations (Andrew and Cortese 2011). This is done by preparing environmental improvement plans (EIPs) for every location. Many of Alumina Limited operations in Australia engage with local communities when developing such EIPs. These plans are public commitments to endlessly improve environment performance, decrease environmental impacts as well as developing more sustainable practices. The EIPs help deliver enhanced transparency as well as accountability (Van and Bossilkov 2004). Conclusion The Local Community Group needs to understand the policies and strategies that Alumina Limited have taken to ensure sustainable environment. From the analysis, it clear that Alumina Limiteds report presents detailed information on how it ensures limited impacts on environment despite its high amount of waste and greenhouse gas emission and intensive energy requirements. Understanding these policies, practices and strategies will make the Local Community Group (selected stakeholder) meets its needs of ensuring that all the other stakeholders of Alumina Limited are protected from the Companys operations. It will help the stakeholder to adopt such policies, practices and strategies as a teaching tool to help create awareness in the local community to conserve environment. The Group also needs to advice other companies to remain sustainable. Therefore, this report provides them the platform through which they will acquire the best practices as adopted by Alumina Limited to reduce negative impacts of their operations on the environment. The report has also availed the specific environmental regulations that Alumina Limited must adhere to, such information is of great interest to this stakeholder in creating awareness. The limitation of the report is that it does not shown in monetary terms the impacts of the AWAC operations on the environment. It would have been appropriate for the report to reveal its cost to environment or the negative externalities it creates. Such an information would have helped the Group to understand how much the operations affect the environment and come with suggestions on how Alumina Limited can pay for such costs. References Andrew, J. and Cortese, C.L., 2011. Carbon disclosures: Comparability, the carbon disclosure project and the greenhouse gas protocol. Australasian Accounting, Business andFinance Journal, 5(4), pp.5-18. Beers, D., Bossilkov, A., Corder, G. and Berkel, R., 2007. Industrial symbiosis in the Australian minerals industry: the cases of Kwinana and Gladstone. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 11(1), pp.55-72. Cooling, D.J., 2007. Improving the sustainability of residue management practices-Alcoa World Alumina Australia. Paste and Thickened Tailings: A Guide, 316. Corder, G., van Beers, D., Lay, J. and van Berkel, R., 2006, June. Benefits and success factors of regional resource synergies in Gladstone and Kwinana. In Green Processing Conference (pp. 5-6). Deegan, C. and Islam, M.A., 2012. Corporate commitment to sustainabilityIs it all hot air? An Australian review of the linkage between executive pay and sustainable performance. Australian Accounting Review, 22(4), pp.384-397. Fergusson, L., 2014. A sustainability framework for the beneficial reuse of alumina refinery residue. Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering, Science and Technology, 1, pp.105-120.Finance Kurup, B., Altham, W. and Van Berkel, R., 2005, February. Triple bottom line accounting applied for industrial symbiosis. In 4th Australian Life Cycle assessment Conference, Sydney, Australia (pp. 23-25). Mudd, G.M., 2007. The sustainability of mining in Australia: key production trends and their environmental implications. Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University and Mineral Policy Institute, Melbourne. Solutions, R., 2016. Residue management sustainability review: Aughinish Alumina Limited. Van Berkel, R. and Bossilkov, A., 2004. Sustainable development reporting in the Australian minerals processing industry. Green Processing, 2004, pp.185-195.

How to Land a Freelance Writing Job in 2019 (as a Beginner)

Its 2019, and you want to be a freelance writer. What are the new things you need to know? I landed my first freelance writing job over 4 years ago. In that time, a lot has changed in how you find freelance writing jobs for beginners. But, dont worry! Im up-to-date with whats going on in the freelance writing world. Im still a freelance writer, and Ive learned to adapt to these new strategies or newer ways to find clients. Before we get into the nitty-gritty of this post, lets go over the pre-requisites you need to become a freelance writer, how to be credible as a writer and what the popular freelance writing jobs there are in 2019. After that, I will give you some detailed methods to finding your first freelance writing job even if you dont have experience. What Do You Need to Be a Freelance Writer? The great thing about starting freelance writing is that you dont need any experience! I was able to start as a new mom to twins and with no experience blogging, and I was able to land my first profitable gig in just a couple of months. But, this doesnt mean you can start with nothing! Here are some materials and personality traits you need to become a freelance writer. Laptop you can get by with any laptop. My house is a Mac user house, and those are the laptops I do most of my writing. Just remember to type appropriately so you avoid hand issues over time. Proper seating invest in a good computer chair. Dont base your entire freelance writing business on the couch! Big no-no! (or even the kitchen counter). Paypal account if you already have one, get a business account when you land clients. Email address most of your negotiations will be made via email or. Skype address some clients want to talk to you face-to-face, and Skype is a tool most know about. Aside from the tools you need, here are some personality traits you need to succeed as a freelance writer. Motivation and Desire I get a lot of emails from those wanting to start but have a hard time motivating themselves. Freelance writing is a solo job. You have to motivate YOURSELF to do the work and to pitch. You also need the desire to want to CHANGE your life since freelance writing means you can ultimately make money from home. Putting yourself out there For a lot of newbies, the thought of putting yourself out there sends them to the hills! But, its 2019, and you cant hide behind a cartoon avatar or without any social media profiles. How to Show Youre a Freelance Writer (When You Have No Experience) There are key ways to show that youre an actual freelance writer when youve never freelance wrote in your life! 1. Start a Blog This is the simplest way to get your writing online and one that can help land freelance writing jobs for beginners. Check out my post on how to start a blog for your service-based business and make sure to watch the video tutorial! Even the non-tech person can do this (trust me, I did it, and Im soooo not techy). Starting a blog doesnt have to cost a lot of money either. With my special link, you can get started for under $100. When you think about it, when your parents wanted to start a business, they had to spend a lot of money to get business cards and an ad in the local newspaper. In 2019, you start a blog, market yourself and can start making money as a freelance writer! 2. Start Guest Posting Guest posting is when your content is on someone elses website. You can get paid to guest post or land a free guest post spot. When I started guest posting to build my freelance writing portfolio, I relied on free guest spots with high authority like Psych Central for example. To find places to guest post, you can run a quick Google search on your niche and write for us. For example, heres the result for pet guest blogs. Its that easy. Click on a link and read the requirements. Some blogs want the whole draft, while others want several topics. 3. Sign Up for a Contently Portfolio Contently is a content marketing blog, but also has a platform to showcase your portfolio. Here is what mine looks like: When you register, you fill out your information. They ask where youve been published, but you can skip that and upload your guest post or sample (which I will talk about in a bit). If you have a sample, Contently will populate the title (most of the time) and information, but will not populate an image. Its up to you to grab the image and upload to Contently. If you are a Mac user, you can get Skitch and take screenshots easily. Free Course on Getting Paid to Write Online 4. Start a Facebook Page Now, Ill be the first to say that my Facebook page doesnt create freelance writing jobs. But thats because my target audience is you future freelance writers. My page isnt for promoting my freelance writing services. But, you can create a Facebook page for that purpose. Many solopreneurs have a Facebook page to promote their freelance service. Go here to create your page. Youll be asked to niche down your business. I chose Artist, Brand or Public Figure. From there use the drop-down menu and choose, writer. From here you hit get started and fill out your page! When you have your Facebook page all set up, you need to start following blogs and brands you eventually want to write for. To gain followers, you have to share valuable content as well as personal content. Some examples might be: Your latest blog post Your latest guest post Your latest client piece A video that can help your ideal client An article that can help your ideal client An update on your freelance writing business A Facebook live on a topic in your freelance writing nice (Ex: if youre a food writer, you can do a Facebook Live on your latest blog post on food safety measures and repurpose it as a video while you cook dinner!) 5. Create a Sample There are some easy and obscure ways you can create samples. The easiest is to draft a blog post. I learned quickly the best ways to create a blog post for my portfolio. But for many of us, we have a personal blog and then your freelance writing blog. For me, Twins Mommy is my personal blog, and Elna Cain is my freelance blog. While the topics on this blog are for freelance writers, I have landed jobs from this blog alone. The thing to remember though, creating a sample is different than creating a blog post for your personal blog. For example, if you have a personal blog about parenting, a post on YOUR blog could be: 5 Tips To GetYour Baby Sleeping Through the Night But, if you have a parenting client, a blog post idea might be: What the Sleep Experts Say About Crying It Out Do you see the difference? Your post is more personal with examples from your experience sleep training while your clients post is credible ideas from experts on one idea of crying it out. So make sure when you create a sample, you think of it as a client post. If you dont have a blog, you can use a blogger platform like Medium to create your sample. Medium is a great platform as you can really grow your presence on there and get seen by top editors as well as find freelance writing jobs! When you have a sample, make sure its on your website. You can have a portfolio page or a blog (if you created a blog post as your first sample). I would then go and upload it to Contently and share it on Facebook! Get the word out that youre a freelance writer now!! 6. Network With Other Writers Finally, the last way to show that youre a legit freelance writer is to network with other writers. This is what I did when I was learning about freelance writing jobs. I emailed a few top writers and asked questions like how to set my rate or some ways to guest post. A lot of freelance writers are helpful and want to offer their tips. I get a lot of emails from new writers, and I do my best to answer every single email. You can also visit freelance writer websites and learn how they market themselves, where theyve been published and what they write about. Freelance Writing Jobs for Beginners in 2019 Do you want to know the secret about finding freelance writing jobs as a beginner in 2019? Its finding a profitable and recurring freelance writing job. What are the top profitable niches for freelance writers in 2019? Speechwriting According to Oberlo speech writing and CV writing will be big this year. One type of speechwritingis trying to convince an audience of one idea or concept. The other type is more general like with commencement speeches or those you hear at conferences. When looking at freelance jobs in 2019, you also have to look at the top eCommerce industries. Small Business Writing Top eCommerce niches include organic beauty products, baby equipment, matcha, and pet supplies. What this tells you is that more small businesses will cater to these niches online, making more projects for content and lead generation. Thats where you come in. This is great for mom bloggers! The baby equipment niche! Sign me up. As a new freelance writer, go offline and check out magazines, shop at stores that cater to these niches like Baby R Us or PetSmart. See what types of products are out there and then do your research online to find those eCommerce sites that cater to those niches. Yes, I know that sounds like A LOT for a BRAND NEW FREELANCE WRITER, but this is 2019. You have to be a better writer than everyone out there, and that means upping your business savviness! What are other popular freelance writing jobs there for 2019? Video Script Writing I strongly believe that video marketing will get bigger this year. With Facebook Live being so popular now, more and more apps and tools are being created to leverage this new niche. As a freelance writer, you can market video script writing, or you can blog or do more content marketing writing for new apps that cater to video marketing. One of my long-time freelance writing clients asked me to do an ultimate guide for email marketing. I jumped at this opportunity because I LOVE digital marketing. I decided to up my freelance writing game and created a video for that post! And you know what? I far exceeded my clients expectation. If you can start offering more than just freelance writing like video script writing or videos you will generate buzz and income. But, youre brand new how do you do this? Thats okay. Start as a video scriptwriter. Then when youre comfortable for me, that was 3 years! dabble in Facebook Lives for a while. For writers that have been at it for at least a year, I can bet you can offer video tutorials with your blog post and suddenly became your clients #1 writer for the rest of his or her life! Email Marketing Writing Another freelance writing niche for 2019 is email marketing. Email marketing is HUGE for small businesses, big brands, and the solopreneur. From onboarding series to sales funnels to launch emails, there is no shortage of this type of content. And its high paying. As a copywriter, I would suggest getting to know various email service providers like MailChimp, ConvertKit or ActiveCampaign. I would also sign up for businesses emails like Grammarly for example. Learn the type of emails they send and how they engage with their customers or leads. Ghostwrite for Small Businesses Finally, digital products will take a huge surge this year. This is anything from an online course to eBooks to printables or guides. You can market yourself as the ghostwriter for those eBooks or lead magnets. You can even ghostwrite courses. Here is an inquiry from a client of mine that requested coursework writing. These projects usually take months to do and are very lucrative, and something new freelance writers should embark upon! As a freelance writer, you have to be up-to-date with what is happening online in 2019. How to Find Your First Freelance Writing Job The time has come. How to find land that first freelance writing client in 2019. Im going to share with you four main ways to find freelance writing jobs. There are many, many other ways to find an online writing gig, but for this post, I dont want overwhelm you with all your options. If you stick with these core strategies, youll have no shortage of finding recurring work. 1. Look at Freelance Writing Jobs One of the first things I used to find jobs was a freelance writing job board. Check out this post for an insanely fast way to find freelance writing jobs. My top free job board is ProBlogger. ProBloggers job board is updated all the time with fresh new leads. You can quickly scroll down the list for new job listings or use the search function to find relevant jobs in your niche. How can you tell if a freelance writing job is legit or good quality? The ad shows that they value content The project isnt mass articles like 20 articles a week The pay is adequate ($50 or a post) You can research the company (mostly) They dont pay pennies for pillar type of content as seen on QuickSprout They dont ask you to draft a sample just for THEM. Most good quality jobs ask for recurring content and understand that freelance writers have different skill sets. You can also look at markets for paid submissions. All Freelance Writing has a directory of paid markets. Finally, you can look at LinkedIn Jobs to see what is available. With LinkedIn jobs, it is based on your location. For me, LinkedIn is finding gigs in the Vancouver area, which is cool. I dont mind working with Canadian companies! If you want more freelance writing jobs, check out this post with my best 5 freelance writing job boards. 2. Use Your Website Your freelance writing website can be a strong marketing tool and can help you land amazing and high-paying freelance writing jobs. You dont need a fancy website with an expensive theme. You can get started with a free theme. Make sure, though, to have these pages on your site: Services page tell your ideal client what your services are and how that can help THEM with growing their business About page show them how YOU can help THEM with their business. Dont write about how you grew up loving writing or that you went to college to be a writer. Businesses want to know how YOUR writing can help THEM. Portfolio page share all your content on this page. There are many ways you can display your portfolio. Contact page make sure you list any social media profiles and/or your Skype ID. Make it easy for leads to contact you. If you need more help starting a freelance writer website, check out this! Once you have your writer website, its time to optimize it to drive more inquiries. You do this effectively by promoting your website in your emails and guest posts. Youll know if your writer website is working for you when leads come to your site and fill out your contact form. 3. Cold Pitching Cold pitching is when you pitch to companies that arent readily seeking a freelance writer. Sounds scary, right? But, it totally works. Heres a Writeto1k students success with cold pitching. But, how do you cold pitch? First, you need to understand and know your ideal client. Who is your client? This can take some time to decide, but its essential to cold pitching. Think of clients that have products or tools. You know that they can pay a freelance writer. For example, my ideal client is B2B digitally native brands. Maybe your ideal freelance writing client ismedical equipment companies. Or, female financial authors. Once you find your ideal client, you can start finding those companies. From there you do your search. Read their about page, mission statement, blog, and any other pages. Find out who to email (usually editors or those in charge of marketing). Then craft your email. To find clients to cold email, go to Angel List and scroll to the bottom. Click on, marketing jobs. This section shows writing jobs. From here, scroll to the bottom of the page and click on Job Roles. Then click on More Marketing Roles. Then on Content writing From here you can see the roles and companies and pitch to. Another place to find companies to cold pitch to is Manta. Manta is a small business directory. Scroll to the bottom to get a list of businesses. Click on a niche and see the businesses to pitch to. 4. Guest Posting Ive talked about guest posting already, but now lets talk about how to do guest posting right. The best places to guest post on are high authority sites. These are sites that everyone knows about or sites that rank in Google when you search a term. When you land a guest post on such a site, it will open the doors for freelance writing clients. Writeto1k student landed a guest spot on Lifehack! Nice! Take the time to scout big publications and websites and when youre ready, pitch to them. Another strategy for guest posting is to guest post on niche blogs. These arent popular with the masses but are related to your freelance writing niche. This can show your credibility and give you social proof that youre the expert in your niche. When I first started freelance writing, I decided one of my niches would be autism behavioral therapy. Since this is in my background and I have extensive training in this application, I thought a guest post in that niche could help me in the future. So figure out your strategy. For brand new writers, try the niche guest posting strategy first. This is what I did. Time to Pitch Your pitch is the way youre going to land freelance writing jobs. Whether you pitch a guest spot or a content job, you need a strong pitch. I suggest you develop your own pitch that shows your credibility in your niche. But, you can use a template. In your pitch, state who you are, what you do and how you can help them. A simple pitch can be: Hi, My name is Elna and Im a freelance writer in the digital marketing niche. Your ad on ProBlogger caught my immediate attention. I exclusively write in the digital marketing niche by providing content on email marketing, content marketing and social media marketing. Please check out my portfolio for samples. I would love to discuss some content ideas. I look forward to hearing from you. Send out your pitches and wait. If you hear back from some of those pitches, congratulations! Now comes the negotiation part. Read the email and see what the prospect wants. Many will come back with more information about what they are seeking. Its up to you to reply with your experience and credibility accurately and persuasively. Heres a handy infographic if you want to share it! Thanks so much! Become a Freelance Writer in 2019 This is a great year to become a freelance writer! More and more businesses are starting online, more digital native brands are popping up and more and more opportunities are here! Dont think that there arent freelance writing jobs for you. If there is the internet and if there are businesses, you will be in demand. I encourage you to become a highly-paid writer today and enroll in Write Your Way to Your First $1k.

Injustice in America essays

Injustice in America essays Our nation is currently suffering from social, economical, as well as political injustice and its greatly impacting Americans of every social class. From the lower to the upper class and from the white to the blacks, we are all greatly affected by it. Many people can agree that injustice is unfair and morally wrong. There are many job occupations that injustice is legally prohibited such as police officers, doctors, judges, lawyers and basically every other available occupation. Discrimination against black people to government killings in third world countries, these social injustices have changed throughout the years. Economical injustice is a very a trending topic today and is becoming a key issue in our nation. People of the lower economic class are most commonly found affected by injustice. No one is doing anything to get rid of poverty, especially our government! Barbara Ehrenreich's main point in "Serving in Florida," is that once people become poor it is very difficult to escape it. Ehrenreich says, "There are no secret economies that nourish the poor; on the contrary, there are a host of special costs" (Ehrenreich 71). The biggest problem poor people are facing is ironically the cost of living seems to increase therefore, making it difficult to get out of that slump. All these extra costs are being piled up on the poor community, making it unfair towards the lower class people. Social injustice continues in despite our ups and downs throughout the United States financial history. Low-waged jobs require so many demands and restrictions. For the small amount they are getting paid, don't you find this kind of outrageous and unfair? Isn't bad enough already that the average salary of these jobs is significantly low? How can injustice be changed particularly in this field you may ask; the requirements for the low-waged job should be far less demanding and flexible. Many low...

North Korea Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

North Korea - Essay Example After the collapse of the Goryeo rule in Korea, this led to the rise of the Josen kingdom in honour of the Gojosen one. Towards the end of the sixteenth century, Japanese pirates attempted to attack Korea, however the invasions were repulsed between 1592 and 1598, in the early seventeenth century, Korea became involved in wars with the Manchus kingdom. The rule by Josen closed Korea to trade in the 17th to 19th century with it only being open to China, however at one time an American merchant ship, which was armed, tried to open Korea to external trade in the 19th century was stranded in a river near Pyongyang (Miller, 2004 p102). After the crewmembers were ordered to leave, they killed several Korean nationals that led to the ship being torched by fire ships from Korea but by mid 19th century, Pyongyang had a cautious and a slow approach towards opening its boarders towards the west. Due to the Sino japans war that happened from 1894 to 1895, the treaty of Shimonoseki was signed whi ch led to the end of Josean Empire relying on China. The name Josean Empire was changed to Korean empire, which was highly influenced by Russia, this however ended after the Russo Japan war between 1904 and 1905 when the Korean empire became a protectorate of Japan. When Japan annexed Korea, they imposed a military rule and attempted to stem Korean way of life and traditions, the wealth of the Korean empire was used to profit the people of Japan. This led to formation of pro- rebellion movements from Koreans towards the Japanese rule, in 1919 pro liberations, rallies took place countrywide and about 7000 people were killed. This fuelled more protests against the Japanese that led to the Japanese strengthening their military rule and banning anything related to Korea including forcing the Koreans to change their names to Japanese names, changing the curriculum in schools to reflect that of Japan and the Japanese culture, the Korean language was also banned. With the surrender of the Japanese after the world war ii, the Korean empire was divided into two along the 38th parallel where the soviet union occupied the north and America the south in an agreement that had been signed before, Russia chose Kim II Yung to lead the provisional peoples’ committee for North Korea in 1946. Kim II Yung introduced radical reforms in North Korea that ranged from land reforms to nationalising all key industries in the country. Talks on unifying north and South Korea were held in Moscow and Seoul; however, they did not bear any fruits due to the politics of the cold war that was happening at the same time. Soviet Union military withdrew from North Korea, the American counterparts withdrew from South Korea a year later, this made South Korea weaker and the government of Kim II Yung began exploring the possibilities of invading South Korea. Soviet Union under the leadership of Joseph Stalin rejected the war proposals that North Korea presented to him, however, with the win of Mao Zedong in China and the indication that he was willing to support the invasion, the Soviet Union approved the invasion in 1950. With Joseph Stalin having approved the war, the north that had a stronger army than the south decide to invade the south, there were battles at the 38th parallel that turned bloody in the Ongjin region, however none of the armies closed the line to the rival’

Holiday Song Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Holiday Song Research - Essay Example James Pierpont was an American composer (Anderson). Jingle Bells’ original name was One Horse Open Sleigh, it was only released under the name Jingle Bells in 1859. This song was composed in English. The song sings of the jingle of the bells placed on a horses reins while pulling an open sleigh in the snow. Although Jingle Bells is associated with December, it was never written for the holidays in December. It was just a popular song people sung in the winter months to begin with. Only over the years did the song come to represent December holidays. I learned Rudolph the Red Nose Reindeer riding home on the school bus in the first grade. I did not care at the time Rudolph the Red Nose Reindeer had been composed by an American writer named Johnny Mack. Johnny Mack copyrighted this song in 1949. The song was composed in English. Johnny Mack published two other Christmas songs (Anderson). They were A Holly Jolly Christmas and Rockin’ Around the Christmas Tree. Every school child in America sympathizes with poor Rudolph. The little reindeer is ostracized because of a big bright red nose. Rudolph is vindicated once he helps Santa navigate his sleigh in the snow. Everyone loved him then. I think all school children root for the underdog. Rudolph the Red Nose Reindeer reminds everyone that there is always hope. This song also passes down the belief in Santa Clause. Mariah Carey and Walter Afanasieff composed All I Want for Christmas Is You together. Mariah Carey is American, while Walter Afanasieff comes from Brazil. All I Want for Christmas Is You was recorded in English. The song’s release date was Christmas of 1994. All I Want for Christmas Is You is sung by Mariah Carey. She makes her intentions clear. All she wants for Christmas is her lover. I think everyone can relate. Most people want to be with their lover over the holidays. Nine times out of ten, lovers fight over the holidays, but that one time out of the ten

Florida v. Harris and Florida v. ardines Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Florida v. Harris and Florida v. ardines - Essay Example Consistent in all global legislative systems, legal cases are initially sought out in lower and trial courts.Subsequently, the decisions are appealed and challenged in higher courts such as Supreme Court. Various concurring and dissenting opinions are revealed during the hearings of the cases and all circumstances are carefully accounted for before reaching final conclusion. References to past legal cases are very critical as situations of most of the cases resemble to those in older ones. This paper entails a detailed discussion and critical analysis of two separate legal cases which have mutually similar circumstances. Legal facts of case FLORIDA V. JARDINES This case revolved on deciding whether using a drug-sniffing dog on curtilage of an individual’s home, in hope of finding traces of illegal content, constitutes to meaning of ‘search’ as prescribed under the Fourth Amendment. Jardines’ house front porch was searched by police with Franky, a drug-sniff ing dog, and a warrant was requested on basis of suspicious information gathered through this search. Later, marijuana and other related material were discovered from premises and Jardines was arrested and charged accordingly. FLORIDA V. HARRIS This case pertained to a similar situation whereby a police officer, Mr. Wheetley, pulled over a driver for a routine check-post stop and insisted on searching the vehicle after his trained K-9 dog indicated that side door handle reflects some traces of drugs content. Subsequently, only methamphetamine ingredients were found and Harris, the driver, was charged with its possession. Later out on bail, Harris ran into officer Wheetley again and a similar search was conducted but in vain. Harris filed a case to suppress the evidence on basis that the officer did not have probable cause for searching his trunk as the dog displayed incompetent performance. At the hearing, officer eventually confessed about expiry of certification and his lack of du e diligence in maintaining updated records of dog’s performances and trainings (Supreme Court of the United States [a] 1-6). Court decisions FLORIDA V. JARDINES At the hearing of trial court, Jardines claimed that dog-sniffing investigation had no reasonable grounds and hence marijuana possession must be dispensed with. The trial court approved the motion which was subsequently reversed by the Florida Third District Court of Appeal. When petition was filed for scrutiny of this reversal, the Supreme Court nullified this decision and agreed to initial decision as given by trial court, suppressing that the trained-dog investigation falls under Fourth Amendment search and hence any warrant released on basis of information revealed in such search is itself void. FLORIDA V. HARRIS Initially, the trial court disapproved the motion to suppress on the grounds that officer had reasonable basis to conduct search. Harris entered an appeal against trial court’s decision and the int ermediate state court also affirmed the same. However, subsequently the Supreme Court intervened and denied trial court’s decision and claimed that officer didn’t have probable cause to search vehicle in accordance with the definition under Fourth Amendment. It ruled out on the adequacy of reason given by the officer that the dog was adequately certified and trained. Later, the court itself established certain standards to test dog’s reliability and potential as it claimed that a wider range of evidence is required to indicate number of times the dog might have given a false alert in similar past situations. The Florida Supreme Court ordered that a complete set of records and exhibits for dog’s credentials must be presented for review prior to establishing its potential and credibility. It designed various tests to assess its capabilities and produced a rigorous checklist which the

Project management research approaches

Project management research approaches Contents Abstract†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 2 1.1 Determine and validate appropriate areas for research 3 1.2 Determine a suitable research approach.. 3-4 1.3 Develop suitable research questions/ hypotheses for selected area of research 4-5 2.1 Develop a detailed research proposal for chosen..5-6 2.2 Apply relevant research methods for area and type of research.. 6-7 2.3 Analyse ethical issues relating to research.. 8-9 2.4 Analyse research findings and generate valid conclusions.. 9-11 3.1 Evaluate research methods, techniques 11-12 3.2 Present results and conclusions in a suitable format for audience. 12-13 Bibliography.13 Introduction Research is undertaken within most professions. It is a way of thinking, examining critically the various aspects of the professional work. It is the process of collecting analysizing and interpreting information to answer questioins. Determine and validate appropriate areas for research The first task in a research work is to collect data and information about the topic. The researcher uses the data collected in the survey to find solution , within the boundry of random mistake. Performance management can be defined as a process of taking systematic action to improve organizational, team and individual performance. Project management is the application of knowledge, skills and techniques to execute projects effectively and efficently. Project management process falls into five groups: Initiating Planning Executing Monitoring and Controlling Closing Every study has two aspects: Study population People Subject Area Problems Program Phenomenon Determine a suitable research approach Generally there are two ways of reasoning used for research: Deductive approach Inductive approach Deductive Approach Deductive approach takes into account, developing a hypothesis which takes into account an already existing theory and then formulating a research strategy to check the hypothesis. ( Wilson, 2010, p.7) Deductive means reasoning from the particular to the general. Deductive approach involves in developing a theory, which is subject to accurate test. This approach infers to generalisation. To make a generalisation through deductice approach, it is necessary to select samples of sufficent numerical size. (Collis and Hussey, 2003). Snieder and Larner (2009) informs that in deductive approach reasoning starts with a theory and leads to new hypothesis, that will be confirmed or rejected as a result of research’ Theory — Hypothesis Observation -Confirmation/Rejection Inductive Approach The research using inductive approach is concerned with human’s behaviour and the context in which certain events take place. This approach allows one to provide subjective reasoning with the help of various examples. It lays emphasises on meaningful understanding of human attachment to the event. This is related to development of human resources in the organization (Ritchie and Lewis 2003). Four approaches are Logical theoretical approach Quantitative approach experimental research Qualitative approach – observational research Participatory – action research. Develop suitable research questions/ hypotheses for selected area of research Research questions Generally interest in a specfic area starts the research process, but it is the familarity with the subject that helps to define an appropriate question for study. Knowledge of present trends and technological advances help in formulating research questions. All questions should be developed at the begnining and planning stage of study. Any additional question should never compromise on primary questions. The more the number of questions, more will be complexity of study and its analysis. Hulley and colleagues have suggested the use of FINER ( Feasible, Interesting, Novel, Ethical, Relevant) criteria in preparing qustions for research. Research Hypothesis The research question and hypothesis should be developed before start of study. The formation of hypothesis results a study with focus. It guides as to which data is to be collected and which not. The hypothesis is developed from main research question and thereafter elements of study – sampling strategy, intervention comparision and outcome variables – are summarizedin the form that prepares ground for testing, stastical and finally clinical sagnificance. The hypothesis should be stated at he begnining so as to guide the objective of study. Hypothesis bring clarity, specificity and focus to a research but are not compulsary for a study. A valid research can be conducted without constructing formal hypothesis. As there are so many ways to ask questions, the questionnaire should be flexible, tested carefully before using on a large scale. Questions should be kept simple and short. Avoid leading questions. Open ended questions allow for a larger variety of responses from participants but are difficult to anlyse statistically because data have to be coded or reduced in some manner. Close ended questions are easy to analyse statistically, but they limit the responses that participants can give. Combination of both beginning with a number of closed ended questions, it ends with a section of open ended questions for more detailed response. 2.1 Develop a detailed research proposal for chosen area of research Research Proposal Research is a systematic investigation to find answers to a problem. Both qualitative and quantitative methoods be used appropriately in the research. Research proposal reviewer will lookatthree primary criteria: Relevance of the research from both managerial and an academic perspective. Managerial: will the research bring added value to improve managerial practices? Academic: will your research bring new knowledge to your field? 2 Research feasibility Within specifiedperiod Data accessibilty Primary data collection 3 Proposal Quality Writing style Logical articulation of arguments Structure and organization Some skills that need to be developed in areas of research: Decision making Prioritizing Valuating To respond to problems, experiences and opportunities and to learn from them To generate ideas without limits of policy ir structure or feasibility Involving other people Communicating. 2.2 Apply relevant research methods for area and type of research There are two types of data Primary Data – collected for the first time. Secondary Data – which has already been collected and analysed by some one else. Primary data collection Observation Method It is collection of primary data by researcher’s own team under his observation, without asking from respondents. Observatons can give information which people are not willing or unable to provide.e.g. observing a large number of plates containing uneaten portions of same menu item indicates that food was not satisfactory. But because of certain limitations, research is generally supplemented with survey research. Survey method This approach is suited for collecting descriptive information. Structured Survey- uses formal list of questions for all the participnts of the survey. Unstructured Survey – in this process interviewer probes the participants and guide the participants according to their answers. Research can be direct or indirect. In direct approach researcher asks direct questions about behaviour and thoughts, e.g., why don’t you eat at this restaurant? But in indirect approach the question asked will be, what kind of people eat at this particular restaurant? Contact Methods Survey can be conducted by collecting information through mail, telephone, or postal interview. Mail questionnaires is used to collect large amount of information at low cost. As no interviewer is involved to bias the respondents answers. In this case response rate is lw and there is no control over who answers. Telephone interviewing is a quick method, allows greater sample control and response rate is higher than mail. Its cost is higher. Interviewer’s manner of talking maay effect answers. Personal interviewing is very flexible and can be used to collect large amounts of information. It may cost more than telephonic survey. It can be biased by the interviewer. Sample design The conclusions are genarally drawn by taking a group as a sample. A sample is a segment of popukation selected to represent as a whole. Secondary Data Collection Secondary data is others data, and is shared by other people as a view of their perception. Many researchers requires collection of primary data to support the secondary data. The secondary data is collected from existing sources e.g. official ststistics, annuak appraisals, journals, history and articles. Types of Research There are different types of research for different purposes Audience research Market research Production research 2.3 Analyse ethical issues relating to research The collection of data through any methos involve some ethical issues relating to both the researcher and the participants. Ethical issues concerning Participants Collecting Information: If one cannot justify relevance of the research, he is wasting his participants time ,which is unethical. Seeking Consent: In every field it is unethical to collect information without knowledge of participant and their expressed willingness and informed consent. Consent should be voluntary and without any kind of pressure. Providing incentives: Giving a present before data collection is unethical. Seeking Sensitive Information: Certain information is considered sensitive or confidential by some people. For most people questions on income, age, marital status, drug use, etc. are intrusive. It is not unethical to ask such questions, if we tell the participants type of information you are gong to collect clearly, and give him sufficient time to decide if he wants to participate. Possibility of causing harm to participants: Collection of data should not harm participants in any way. If the way information sought creates anxiety or harrashment, steps be taken to prevent it. Maintaining Confidentiality: Sharing information about a participant with others for purposes other than research is unethical. Information provided by participant be kept anonymous. It is unethical to identify an individual’s responses. Ethical issues relating to Researcher: Avoid Bias: Bias is an attempt to either hide orhighlight something disproportionate to its true position. Bias on the part of researcher is unethical. Provision or deprivation of treatment: Both provision and deprivation of a treatment/ intervation may pose ethical dilemma for a researcher. Ensuring informed consent, minimum risk and frank discussions as to the implications of participation in the study will help to resolve ethical ssues. Using appropriate research methodology: It is unethical to use a method or procsedure known as inappropriate e.g. selecting a highly biased sample, using an invalid instrument or drawing wrong conclusions. Incorrect reporting: To change report findings in a way to serve your own or someone else’s interest is unethical. Inappropriate use of the information: The use of information in a way that it dirctly or indiretly affects the participants is unethical. 2.4 Analyse research findings and generate valid conclusions When analysing data start from review of research goals, this will help organizing data and focus analysis. For example if one want to improve a programme by identifying its strengths and weaknessess, you can organize data into program strengths, weaknesses and suggestions to improve the program. Processing and analysing data is based on a number of closely related operations performed for summing up the data collected and arranging these in a manner that they answer the research questions. Data Processing operations are: Editing Classification Tabulation Basic analysis of quantitative information Make copies of data , and sore your master copy. Use copy for making edits,cuttings and pastings etc. Tabulate the information i.e. add up the number of ratings, rankings, yes’s, no’s for each question. For ratings and rankings consider computing a mean or average Cosider conveying range of answers e.g., 20 people ranked ‘1’, 30 ranked â€Å"2† etc. Basic analysis of qualitative information Read through all data. Organize comments into similar catogeries, suggestions,strengths, weaknesses, similar expriences, program inputs, recommendations, outputs, outcome indicators.etc. Label the categories in themes, e.g., concerns or suggestions, etc. Attempt to identify patterns or associations and casual relationship in themes. Keep all commentry for a long period after completion in case need arise for future reference. Qualitative research involves collectiuon, analysis and interpretation of data that can not be easily rsduced to numbers., as this data relate to social world and the concepts of the behaviors of people within it. It can be found in all social sciences and all applied fields that derive from them. The initial phase of data analysis is to examine the quality of data ( presence or absence of extreme observations), the quality of measurements and if the implementation of study was in line with research design. In main phase of analysis either an exploratory or confirmatory approach can be adopted. Both approaches have their place in reserch, both have their strengths and weaknesses. In some studies one has to combine both approaches. For example to find types of cuisine/accomodation available in a city and extent of their popularity in the city. Types of cuisine is a qualitative aspect of study and extent of popularity is a quanititative aspect as it is based on finding the number of people who visit restaurant. Quantitative data can be analysed by regression analysis, where relationship between dependent and independent variable is measured. It help one to find out how the value of dependant variable changes when one of the independent variable is varied, and other independent variables are held fixed. Qualitative data can involve coding, key concepts and variables are assigned a shorthand and data gathered is broken downinto those concepts of variables. Coding is the process of categorizing the qualitative data so that data becomes quantifiable and thus measureable. How data is coded depends on researchers, the same qualitative data can be coded in so many different ways giving attention to different aspects of the data. One such example is given in the figure below. Coding Without a valid design, valid scientific conclusions cannot be drawn. Internal validity concerns the degree to which conclusions about the casuality can be drawn. External validity concerns the extent to which results of the study are generalizeable. 3.1 Evaluate research methods, techniques and findings and comment on validity of research. Evaluation of the project is planned for right from the onsetand is going on as the different milestones are tackled. Type of evaluation that goes on during the project is referred as formative evaluation, because the project is being formed. The evalustion conducted at the end commonly referred as summative evaluation, because the project is being summed up. All research, no matter how well they are controlled, carries the potential to be wrong. Most After conducting research, analyzing it and evaluating the results is an important work. Statistics are manuplated everyday to change the conclusions drawn. Before accepting the results of a study one must evaluate the research techniques used, the study protocol and other factors to determine if the study’s claims are valid. There must be randomization of the sample groups and necessary care and intelligence shown in allocation of controls. Internal validity and trustworthness are at the core of any research design. External validity is the process of examining the results and questioning whether there are any possible casual relationship. Any scientific study only puts forward a possible cause for the studied effect. There are always chances of another unknown factors contributing to the results and findings. If the study was designed to contain validity and reliability then scientific community is more likely to accept the findings. The high degree of validity and reliability provides not only confidence in data collected but trust in successful application and use of results. The validity of a research settles down to whether the study is giving results what it was claiming to do. For example if someone is buying a research report from an organization claiming to calculate how people prefer marketer’s production than its competitors’ products, the marketer should know how the data was secured to help knoiw if the research really gives the information the way the research company wants it to do. Since most analysis are based on observational studies rather than on results of a controlled experiment, avoid drawing results concerning casuality. When studying changes over time, short term trends should not be focused without checking them in light of medium and long term trends. Where possible avoid arbitrary time reference points. 3.2 Present results and conclusions in a suitable format for audience Information on how the survey was done, as anyone may want to repeat it. This information is often included in the appenixes to the main report. It includes full questionnaire, detailed sample design, fieldwork procedures, interviewer’s instructions, data entry instructions and recommendations for futures study- as how to do better next time. This report should containall the details given below. Focus the article on important variables and topics. Arrange ideas in a logical order. Keep languge as simple as possible. Use graphs in additiuon to text and tables to communicate the message. When tables are used take care that overall format adds to clarity of data and prevents misrepresentation. Explain rounding practices and procedures. Satisfy confidentiality requirements of the source whose data isbeing analysed. Include information about data sources used and shorcomings in the data that may have affected the analysis. Include information about analytical method and tools ysed. Include information regarding quality of results. Ensure that all refercences are accurate. Check for errors in the article. Check accuracy of external data and simple arithmatics. Ensure that intentions stated in the introduction are fulfilled. Get the results reviewed by others for relevance, accuracy and comprehensibility. As a good practice consider presenting the results to peers prior to finalizing the text. Refer to available documents that could provide further guidance for improvement. Bibliography Stolley, Karl.Primary Research. Purdue Online Writing Lab. Retrieved 21 May 2013. Snieder, R Larner, K, 2009, The Art of Being a Scientist: A Guide for Graduate Students and their Mentors, Cambridge University Press http://www.ihmctan.edu/PDF/notes/Research_Methodology.pdf www.boundless.com/sociology/sociological-research/the-research-process/analyzing-data-and-growing-conclusions/ www.managementhelp.org/businessresearch/analysis.htm

Effective Literacy Strategies for English Language Learners Essay

Introduction English Language Learners (hereafter referred to as ELLs) currently comprise 10% of the total school population in the United States (National Center for Education Statistics, 2005). It is a population that is going to continue to increase in American public education and their specific needs for learning literacy are of great importance to teachers. Since schools and teachers are increasingly judged based upon the academic achievement of students, then the success of the growing population of ELLs is going to be increasingly important. In the present paper the role of the teacher and specific research-based literacy strategies for ELLs is investigated. Teacher’s role In a research article by Yoon (2007), the question of the teacher’s pedagogical approach in relation to ELLs participation in the classroom was investigated. Three teachers with varying approaches to teaching ELLs were observed. The first teacher believed that teaching ELLs was not his â€Å"full responsibility† and to talk or not was the students choice and the teacher respected it. Also many of the discussions were based on American cultural topics. This teacher reported that the ELLs in his classroom were â€Å"shy and quiet.† The ELLs in this classroom reported being â€Å"frustrated† and often did partner work with special education or other non-mainstream peers. The second teacher modeled through her teaching how to position ELLs as important members of her learning community. She believed teaching ELLs was her responsibility and she tried many strategies to meet the diverse needs of her learners. She attempted to embrace her studentsâ€℠¢ cultural differences by asking them questions about their native culture. She also chose to pair ELLs with cert... ...r english-language learners: teacher-composed digital jumpstarts for academic reading. Journal of Adolescent and Adult Literacy, 53(5), 386-395. Rieg, Sue A. & Paquette, Kelli R. (2009). Using drama and movement to enhance english language learners’ literacy development. Journal of Instructional Psyhchology, 36, 148- 154. Sox, Amanda & Rubenstein-Avila, Eliane (2009). WebQuests for english-language learners: essential elements for design. Journal of Adolescent and Adult Literacy, 53(1), 38-48. Watts-Taffe, S., & Truscott, D. (2000). Using what we know about language and literacy development for ESL students in the mainstream classroom. Language Arts, 77, 258- 265. Yoon, Bogum (2007). Offering or limiting opportunities: Teachers’ roles and approaches to english-language learners’ participation in literacy activities. The Reading Teacher, 61(3), 216-225.

Holistic and Comparing Is the Methods of Assessments Essay

Write a statement explaining how you plan assessment with learners including planning for holistic assessments and comparing assessment methods and adapting methods to meet individual needs As assessment or evaluation is a method of judging the performance of an individual learner, therefore a written record of targets should be written out so that a learner knows what is expected of them and by when it should be achieved. The assessment method should allow the opportunity for reflection as each area of development is completed. It is a valuable source of information which can be used to help learners take control of their learning. When I first go out to visit a learner within the care sector I first establish if they know what their course entails any previous learning they already have. A discussion on their job role is also import at this time. I then get the learner to participate in a learning styles diagnostic in order to establish how they learn best, so that when it comes to providing help and support within their qualification, I can ensure that I provide the information in a manner which best suits their learning needs. I would also get them to take a maths and English diagnostic if they need to do the key skills or functional skills part of the framework. By doing this I can again find out areas which need further development and areas which they are competent in. The information I have gathered here I would place onto their annex A ILP, stating how I would best support them with their learning, i.e.:- booklets or discussions on problem topics. My next step would then be to carry out a skill scan with them to find out which parts of the Diploma framework they participate in and how confident they are in carrying them out. By doing this we can ascertain what areas of the NVQ would be suited to a particular learner. This information would again be added to the learners Annex A ILP By placing all of this information onto the Annex A ILP I can then look at the best way of going about assessing for each criteria taking into account learners individual needs using the best assessment methods for each of the learners i.e.:- *Test *Observation *Past experiences *Knowledge evidence *Question and answers *Witness Testimony It is import to clarify with the learner a safe and valid process of assessment which both assessor and learner are happy with and ensures that it is a suitable method for providing the required evidence needed to hit the required target. By ensuring that a holistic approach to assessment takes place in the planning and collecting of evidence, we can ensure that a wider scope of the frame work can be covered. For example if I go into a care home to observe a personal care activity I may also find that other areas are also covered such as communication moving and handling etc. The assessment method is about assessing whether or not the learner is competent within their field of work, assessing them against the framework set out within the NVQ framework. This can be achieved through using arrange of assessment methods *Test *Observation *Past experiences *Knowledge evidence *Question and answers *Witness Testimony With the range and flexibility of assessment methods available to a learner it has the advantage of allowing assessments to be individualised to the needs of individual learners. It also allows assessment to be carried out in a way that is highly individualised to the needs of the candidate, assessor and the area of work being assessed.

Heart Disease (Heart disease and common heart dissorders)

Heart Disease (Heart disease and common heart dissorders) A heart disease includes any disorder that affects the way that the heart normally functions. Heart diseases have many causes, some of these include smoking, high blood pressure, high cholesterol and physical inactivity. Although there have been dramatic improvements in the treatment and prevention of heart diseases the numbers of sufferers and deaths of heart disease are still increasing each year. Heart disease is the number one killer in Australia causing over 50% of the total deaths each year.Smoking is one of the most common causes that lead to heart disease. Latest estimates in Australia say that around 18,000 people die each year form tobacco related diseases. The major factor of smoking leading to heart disease is the chemicals contained in tobacco smoke, which include tar, nicotine and carbon monoxide. In terms of the heart the nicotine and carbon monoxide of tobacco smoke causes a lot more damage than the tar in cigarette smoke.Pandemic of Lifestyle DiseasesNicotine makes t he heart beat faster which increases its need for oxygen. It also reduces the blood supply to tissue cells by narrowing the blood vessels. Carbon monoxide reduced the amount of oxygen that the blood is able to carry to body and heart. So while the nicotine is making the heart pump quicker and need more oxygen the Carbon monoxide is reducing the oxygen supply to the heart.High cholesterol is the best known contributing factor leading to heart disease. Cholesterol is not always a bad thing. At normal levels it is essential for our bodies as it is used to build cell walls and is also used to produce hormones.Cholesterol is a white fat like plaque that builds up on the walls of the arteries. This build up can end up causing a complete blockage which can lead to a heart...

Adoration Of The Magi Essays - Adoration Of The Magi In Art

Adoration Of The Magi Essays - Adoration Of The Magi In Art Adoration Of The Magi Iconographical Analysis: di Nardo, Adoration of the Magi The painting Adoration of the Magi by di Nardo portrays the three Magi approaching the baby Jesus and the Virgin Mary. However, there is much more to it than just this familiar scene from Judeo-Christian lore. When approaching this painting in order to analyze it iconographically, it is necessary to first look at all aspects of the form. If this aspect is ignored, it provides for an incomplete analysis of the painting. Once this is looked at, the iconography of the painting becomes much clearer, and it is easier to compare the painting to the actual biblical text from which it was derived (Gospel of St. Matthew 2:1 2:12). When approaching the painting the first thing I noticed was the odd perspective. There are several vanishing points. Also, all of the figures seem to be placed on one plane. Because of this, the two figures that represent Jesus and Mary seem to be hovering weirdly above the ground. This, I believe, draws the viewers attention to these two figures, since they are the main focus of the painting. Due to the influence of my culture, I recognized the figures as Jesus and Mary immediately. However, despite this, there are a few indicators as to who the people represented in the painting are. When viewing the painting, it is obvious that the figures of mother and child are the main point because the gazes of all of the people in the represented center on the child, including the mothers. Also, the weird hovering effect also directs the viewers attention to these two figures. Both Mary and Jesus have halos, but this is not necessarily a distinguishing factor seeing as how there are also four other figures in the painting that have halos. However, the halo that surrounds the head of the baby Jesus has a slightly different pattern than those that the other figures possess. This lets you know that for whatever reason, this child is set apart from all other figures in the painting. So, even if the viewer is of another culture or religion and doesnt see the significance of the female i n the picture being clothed in blue and red, or the significance of the blessing position in which the baby is holding his hand, he can see that for some reason, this child is being distinguished from all other people in the painting. Another aspect of the form that draws your attention to the Virgin and Jesus is the triangular set up of these two figures along with Joseph and another Magus. The triangle that is formed has Mary and Jesus at the peak, yet again, drawing the viewers attention to these two figures and reinforcing the fact that they are of some significance. When comparing the painting to the text in the Bible that describes the same meeting of the Magi with the baby Jesus and Mary, there are several differences. There are certain things that I noticed that not only go contrary to the painting, but to popular cultures idea of this story. First, in the Bible, the Magi are referred to as, chief priests and teachers of the law. They were not kings as they are often referred to in Christian culture. In fact, in di Nardos depiction, all of the Magi are wearing crowns, showing this misunderstanding. Another thing that is assumed by di Nardo in his painting, as well as by popular culture is that there were three Magi. There is nothing mentioned in Matthew 2:1 2:12 that makes reference to there being exactly three Magi. What I noticed that might have lead to this misconception, however, is that the Magi brought gifts of gold, incense and myrrh. This is the only thing that I saw that could have lead to the belief that there were three Magi one Magus for each gift. There are also extra people in the painting whom I could not identify. There is no mention of anyone in the bible besides Jesus, Mary and the Magi. There is not even any mention of Joseph who is clearly depicted. Also, the gifts that the Magi are holding in the