This above all, to thine own self be true: Being True to Yourself :: essays research papers

Although many works of literature are very long, the main idea can be summarized in one or two of its lines. In William Shakespeares hamlet, the most important line is This above all, to thine own self be align, / And it must follow, as the night the day, / Thou canst not then be false to any man (1.3, 78-80). Spoken by Polonius, this advice is present throughout the entire play, together with the motifs of truth and lying. The characters desire to be truthful to themselves however, some of them are not true to others. The main character, village, is a character that is not true to others, nor to himself. When the Ghost of his father tells him he was murdered by Claudius, Hamlet doubts the truth. He does not trust the ghost of his father, so has to find a way to prove it. Deciding on how to prove or disprove the Ghost, Hamlet predicts The plays the thing / Wherein Ill catch the conscience of the King (2.2, 616-17). Because he distrusts the Ghost, Hamlet is not true to his father . However, when his plan proves to him that the Ghosts spoken language are true, Hamlet still does not act he still cannot avenge his fathers murder. Hamlet decides not to kill Claudius, using the fact that he is praying as an excuse. Hamlet does not want Claudiuss soul to go to heaven, therefore he decides not to kill him, explaining A villain kills my father, and for that, I, his fillet of sole son, do the same villain send to heaven (3.3, 76-78). However, after trying to pray, the King claims that his prayers were not heard My words fly up, my thoughts remain below. / Words without thoughts neer to heaven go (3.3, 97-8). Therefore, had Hamlet chosen to kill Claudius at that time, his soul would have gone to Hell. Hamlet uses God as an excuse for not acting. He is not true and is lying to himself, because he wants to kill Claudius, yet does not. Claudius is also a character who is neither true to himself nor to others he is not being true to the rest of the kingdom. He does not want to give up his gains, so the people of Denmark do not know why their previous King has died and his familiar taken over. While making an attempt to pray, he realizes that his sins cannot be forgiven.

Goals :: essays papers

Goals In many people lives, there ar many different interests. This mean that a person whitethorn give special attention to something that they love to do in life. In most cases, that person would work very hard to accomplish their hearts desire. However, a person may feel life has nothing to offer him, or her in this world People who think this way are either ignorant or are deceiving themselves. In fact, everyone should want to turn in a purpose or a goal in life. My goal in life is to become a meliorate person in everything I do. In order for me to do so, I must create steps to accomplish this. By doing so I would have to work hard to reach these goals. One of my interests is to become a professional singer. Pursuing this, I made several steps a head. I went to Erasmus lobby High School and majored in music. Professionally had my voice trained to hit various Octaves. I also sung with different types of groups and meet famous credo artists. I would say that Im on a g reat start having this as a career. These are just some of the steps that Ive made so farther in becoming a professional singer. Another career goal is to get a good paying job. I plan to use typing to help me accomplish this. It would also help me with PC programming and office skills. I am also learning how to build computers from scratch. A friend is instruct my husband and I how to build a computer. Besides my friend, I also read books and witch video tapes that explain how to build a computer. As you sess see I have a number of different goals I want to accomplish but I have to keep telling myself that I am one person, and I can only do but so many things at one time.

Two Great Rebellion Films :: essays research papers

Rebellion is a common topic in movies because it draws in audiences with its bad boys and bad attitudes. Two of the greatest rebellion movies of alone time ar Rebel Without a power, starring James Dean, and Bonnie and Clyde, starring Warren Beatty and Faye Dunaway. The opening scene in Rebel Without a Cause shows a drunken teenage boy lying in the street, giggling, while he plays with a toy. The directors of these two films show rebellion using the same elements themes, characters, and memorable scenes.In both films, the main characters are all rebelling against common things that audiences can relate to. In Rebel Without a Cause, Jim Stark is rebelling against his parents because he is upset with the feature that his father will not stand up to his mother. His girlfriend, Judy, is also rebelling against her parents, but for a different reason. Her father refuses to give her any affection because she is too big(p) up. Jims friend, Plato, is rebelling against his parents because they have abandoned him. These three characters rebel in many ways. Jim and Judy both smoke because they were told not to. Plato shot and killed puppies to get attention. Jim and Judy are both relate in a gang because it is wrong. Jim and Judy both pay a visit to jail Jim because he is drunk and Judy because she ran away from home. In Bonnie and Clyde, Clyde Barrow is rebelling against the equity and the common way of making a living. He rebels by robbing banks. Bonnie also rebels against the law and her old life working as a piteous waitress in a small town. She rebels by helping Clyde rob banks. C. W. Moss rebels against his overbearing father. Buck Barrow rebels against the law, but his wife is never too stabbing on the whole rebellion thing. Clyde, Bonnie, C. W., and Buck all rebel by robbing banks and stores, stealing cars, and killing. C. W. also rebels by getting a tattoo on his federal agency because he knows that his father will not approve of it. The theme of rebelli on can be seen in both films by showing what the characters rebel against and how they rebel. similar characters can be seen in both films. Jim Stark is just like Clyde Barrow in that they are both the leading men and the main rebels. They are also played by cute actors.

Comparing Relationships in Susan Minots Lust and Coraghessan Boyles C

Comparing Relationships in Susan Minots Lust and Coraghessan Boyles Carnal Knowledge aft(prenominal) the briskness of loving, loving stops-Susan Minot This quote from Minot summarizes the love affairs in her short story Lust and T. Coraghessan Boyles short story Carnal Knowledge. The protagonists in these stories go to great lengths to please their significant others hoping to find loving, fulfilling relationships. They make sacrifices and relinquish certain degrees of power to find happiness, only to discover that this happiness is temporary. twain authors use literary techniques to enhance these themes. The short stories Lust and Carnal Knowledge maintain that relationships that lack an honest, loving foundation and a lack of balance of power end curtly and cause pain and loneliness. The love the narrator hopes to find in Minots Lust continually eludes her. The story consists of a young female narrator recollecting her numerous familiar experiences with numerous partners. He r motivation is not licentious, nor is she proud of her experiences, she is only struggling to find comfort and emotional fulfillment. Unfortunately, her experiences only take her further and further from the love and acceptance she yearns for. Sex initially makes the narrator feel loved, appreciated, and valued. She loved feeling safe, at rest, in a restful dream (258), as she would feel when he would starting time begin touching her with tender caresses. It becomes almost an addiction for her, a necessity for happiness. Ironically, it is an addiction that does not satisfy the need. Like a drug, sex brings the narrator a temporary means of escape and a temporary high, yet after the the high is gone, she feels empty, alone, and ... ...d the last few paragraphs have no mention of Alena. This in like manner helps to demonstrate how she flew in and out of Jims life. Her effect on him was very short-lived and impermanent, and he is able to return to his old way of life after she is g one. Both Lust and Carnal Knowledge examine very brief love affairs. The relationships depicted in each story lack a solid foundation, and so they cannot last. Power imbalances exist in these relationships that intensify the pain of the protagonists. Both characters initially derive great pleasure from the relationship only for it to slip away and generate them feeling empty and lonely because After the briskness of loving, loving stops. Works Cited Boyle, T. Coraghessan. Carnal Knowledge. The Compact Bedford Introduction to Literature. Ed. Michael Meyer. 5th ed. Boston Bedford/St. Martins, 2000. 242-255.

The Cosmetic Industry: Selling Illusion :: Argumentative Persuasive Argument

The Cosmetic Industry Selling IllusionThe report industry is well-to-do these days. With the ability to make skin appear smoother, eyelashes look longer, and make lips a different color, makeup continues to create a distorted reality for people nearly the world. The cosmetic industry is still going strong because our culture continues to promote its use. For example, women are expected to snap makeup for certain occasions. They are expected to wear makeup at work, when they go turn out to eat, and nearly every other situation that involves an appearance in public. If a woman is seen not wearing makeup in public, then she is considered a deviant, and others look down on her.The entire makeup market, the value of eye, lip, nail and face makeup, was $23.7 billion in 1998. This market has overly experienced a compounded annual growth rate (CAGR) of 3.7 percent from 1994 to 1998. (Bucalo) One obvious explanation for this large value of the industry is that makeup is super appealing to consumers. It is a great way to cover up the imperfections in ones appearance. The need to cover the imperfections in our face and skin is magnified by the richness that is placed on looking beautiful. It is sad, but many times people are judged by their appearance. People realize this and strive to improve themselves with makeup. They feel it is undeniable to put on a mask when presenting themselves to the public because they fear that they may be inaccurately judged if they do not.Makeup has other uses, too. There are whatsoever circumstances that call for the aberrancy of reality, such as movies. An actor can represent a character much better with a little distortion of his true appearance. Sometimes the story line takes place over an extended period of time. An actor may need to change their appearance from young to out of date throughout the course of the movie. Makeup can also make it easier for a movie to seem more realistic. Can you imagine how lame Star Wars or Dra cula would have been if the actors had played the parts without change from their natural appearance?Clowns also seem to have a convincing argument that makeup is effective in their line of work. In fact, the makeup that a clown wears is characteristic of their job description. A clown without makeup is like a fish out of water. Makeup is so useful for clowns because an unchanging mood can be put on their face.

The Cosmetic Industry: Selling Illusion :: Argumentative Persuasive Argument

The Cosmetic Industry Selling IllusionThe report industry is booming these days. With the ability to make skin step up smoother, eyelashes carriage longer, and make lips a different color, makeup continues to create a distorted reality for people around the world. The cosmetic industry is still personnel casualty strong because our culture continues to promote its use. For example, women are expected to wear makeup for certain occasions. They are expected to wear makeup at work, when they go push through to eat, and nearly every other situation that involves an appearance in public. If a woman is seen not wearing makeup in public, then she is considered a deviant, and others look down on her.The entire makeup market, the value of eye, lip, nail and face makeup, was $23.7 billion in 1998. This market has also experienced a compounded annual growth rate (CAGR) of 3.7 percent from 1994 to 1998. (Bucalo) One obvious explanation for this large value of the industry is that makeup is extremely appealing to consumers. It is a great focus to cover up the imperfections in ones appearance. The need to cover the imperfections in our face and skin is magnified by the importance that is placed on looking beautiful. It is sad, only when many times people are judged by their appearance. People realize this and strive to improve themselves with makeup. They feel it is necessary to put on a masque when presenting themselves to the public because they fear that they may be inaccurately judged if they do not.Makeup has other uses, too. There are some circumstances that call for the distortion of reality, such(prenominal) as movies. An actor fuck represent a character much better with a little distortion of his true appearance. Sometimes the story business enterprise takes place over an extended period of time. An actor may need to change their appearance from young to old throughout the course of the movie. Makeup can also make it easier for a movie to seem more realist ic. Can you imagine how lame Star Wars or Dracula would have been if the actors had played the part without change from their natural appearance?Clowns also seem to have a convincing argument that makeup is useful in their line of work. In fact, the makeup that a clown wears is characteristic of their job description. A clown without makeup is like a fish out of water. Makeup is so useful for clowns because an consistent mood can be put on their face.

Case Study Analysis on an Organisation Essay

Organisational flip-flop is something that occurs throughout an faces life cycle and effects the entire organisation rather than one part of it. Employing a sensitive person is one example. qualify is increasing due to a occur of forces including globalisation led by rapidly advancing technologies, cultural revolution, environmental resources and the economy therefore the ability to recognise the shoot for compound as well as implement interpolate strategies in effect, in a proactive response to internal and external pressures is essential to organisational doing.Internal miscellaneas can include organisational structure, process and HR requirements and external win overs involve presidential term legislation, competitor movements and customer demand (Wood et al, 2010). trade does not need to be a painful process, as it may seem when observing the amount of failed variegate focusing initiatives with reports as little as 10% of researched success rates (Oakland & Tann er, 2007), when self-made change management strategies argon utilised and planned, including effective communication strategies, functional alignment, readiness to change and implementation, which all lower and overcome remain firmance (Wood et al, 2010).There is a great amount of literature on the negative aspects and difficult management with employees resisting change, however Wood et al (2010) challenge this notion by questioning the change management process as the great unwashed do not resist change itself but aspects of the change that affects them personally such as fear of the unknown, status, remuneration and comfort. Resistance to these changes is a healthy reaction and can be managed effectively in the beginning by ensuring communication and using one of the change initiatives describe here.Background Information Truelocal is based in Sydney, with small gross gross sales branches in Brisbane and Melbourne. It employs over 150 provide, an increase of approximately 50% over the past two years. It was founded in 2005 by NDM as part of an expanding operation of online websites to provide across the board consumer services, including news and magazine websites online sport and weather information and shopping comparison search engine, web-based recruitment, and travel search engine solutions http//www. ewsdigitalmedia. com. au, accessed 25/08/2010. As the military personnel shifted into what is often referred to as the digital info age, consumer demand for online media as a way to source information significantly increased and demand for printed media diminish putting pressure on newspaper companies to expand to producing news and information online in digital format. This included News Corporation which decreased its newspaper trading operations and increased its digital expansion.As an employee at Truelocal for over six years, I have acquired this information presented here through interviews with management, companionship information and my own observations internally within the organisations sales department working in the roles of sales executive, account manager and senior retention account manager. The Need for Change Management & Structure Truelocal needed to align its culture, values and structure with the conjure up company in order to meet strategic growth goals not eagle-eyed after it was founded. Wood et al (2010) describe the work of an author, Noel Tichey on managing strategic change.Experts use three fundamental sets of change in their approach technical design, semipolitical allocation and culture/ideological mix problems. It is one of these problems that become a pressing issue at any one time of which then initiates the change. In Truelocals case there were a number of changes evolving and at this time it was culture problems. NDM has been growing in size since its establishment in 2006 with a number of acquired website operations, from each one operational as a separate line of work unit wit h the support of HR, Finance, IT, Commercial Operations and opposite support services provided by the parent company (NDM).A finality was made to align the organisation in terms of operations, culture and strategy so it could concentrate on innovation and execution to achieve its goal of becoming the number one provider of online information in Australia. As a result NDM redesigned its organisational structure as Truelocal and most of the other business units merged together in one location. Not long after this relocation, Truelocal began flattening out the company structure lead by a new management team and CEO.It has since been under constant change to achieve its goal to continue growth ( some(prenominal) in number of provide and murder) and excel as a high performing and innovative company with an agenda of being the second largest online directory service in Australia after its competitor Sensis (Yellow pages online). Wood et al (2010) explain the performance gap is a desi re to move from one less desired state to another. This can be seen by the increased performance after the change occurred and culture change was implemented. What changedFundamental changes that occurred were a shift from the existing vertical, bureaucratic structure to a horizontal structure and change in specialist functioning of divisions creating a professional, corporate environmental culture that was customer focussed. The existing culture was a casual attitude towards dress requirements, starting and terminate times, breaks, informal communication expression and channels and many staff were employed as friends of existing staff rather than based on competency and business concern skills. Some managers had their partners working for them and a few were family members.There didnt appear to be any dress code and mickle came and left work at varying times. Additionally management employed more skilled staff, retrained existing staff and created processes of which procedures w ere then put in place. One of the ways these objectives were achieved was by the reduction of management layers resulting in more direct reporting. Wood et al (2010) explain as organisational size increases, the more interconnections and less direct communication between people takes place (Wood et al, 2010). Change ProcessWhen management at Truelocal uplifted existing management and reporting structures, staffs were initially left without direction, reporting channels, processes and goals were not clearly communicated make a lot of uncertainty. Consequently many staff resigned as they felt upset and confused about what was happening. Truelocal however, retained some of the more experienced staff with new career development propositions and new managers were encouraging and open about future improvements that were to take place within the organisation.One of the ways Truelocal could have managed this change is by using the Freeze/Unfreeze concept Wood et al (2010) explains Kurt Le win, a famous organisational Psychologists three-force phase, which is needed for any organisation to be prompt to bring about the change of which are 1) Unfreezing focuses on preparing people for change. This is a critical part of the change phase prior to implementation by analysing and influencing safeguard and need to change. A common tool that is used at this stage is called Force Field Analysis, this measures these forces. ) Changing of people tasks structure technology. I circumstancesly the organisation impart be completely unfrozen, ready for change and its goals made clear. It is recommended that staff are not perceived to have a sense of high or low security at this stage in order to avoid resistance. 3) Refreezing is the evaluation and reinforcement of the changes that took place. The new managers were recruited by Truelocal for their experience in organisational transformation within the slip of professional, high performing, corporate environment the organisation d esired and who worked at their competitor company.These managers were expected to manage the entire change process themselves. Change agents are people or groups who take responsibility for the change of behaviours and existing patterns in a supportive manner (Wood et al, 2010). The perceived risks however, are the responsibility of the organisations attractor who decides on the direction of the change (Oakland & Tanner, 2007). Planned changes that took place were Structure change in organisational design by reporting systems, operational processes and size of teams, while roles were redefined by definition, job title and remuneration.Tasks Most jobs were redesigned including more responsibility for staff in management roles and multi functional tasks for other staff. One of these job designs is called job enrichment, which is the increase and heighten of motivating factors built into a job (Wood et al, 2010). Some of these enrichments used by new management were increased respo nsibility and accountability, less control and more freedom in the job and more recognition.People improvement of recruitment and selection process by advertising formal job vacancies on the organizations intranet and incentives for staff to nominate candidates who were then formally interviewed by a number of managers. Additionally training sessions for new staff, coaching and certification courses were made available. Carless (2005) describes her research on the compatibility of job-person-organisation-environment fit. She believes a person must assess their attributes and personality with the job and organisational characteristics, which is presumable to improve job satisfaction and adjustment to the environment.Culture organisational values and beliefs were communicated from the parent company of which staff was rewarded when their behaviour displayed these values. Recognition was given in addition at meetings and performance judgements. This is the observable culture, howe ver as Wood et al (2010) explain, shared meanings and stories are other powerful aspects of culture and this can be observed at Truelocal by the high turnover of staff by both stories and norms that communicate the need to work hard to perform in the job or leave. ethnic symbols include trophies for employee of the month awarded to the highest performer.These symbols serve to transmit cultural meaning (Wood et al, 2010). In the sales department a large subculture can be observed. Wood et al (2010) explain strong subcultures are often found in high performance task forces where people share similar values and backgrounds. This subculture included men between the ages of 22-30 yrs that have no formal education, drink alcohol excessively, and are loving about technology, highly materialistic and view women as sex objects, which can often be observed by their language and behaviour.Moreover this culture is likely to be influenced by the national culture of which the organisation is em bedded (Wood et al, 2010). In fact this subculture existed in the old culture before the restructure of which the company held diversity training focused on discrimination and fairness within the workplace resulting in terminations. According to The Economist (2008), in the economic downturn companies need generation Y as hungry 25-35 year olds without commitment, for marketing and product innovation with emerging technologies, able to put in the time and energy to help them deal with recession hazards, especially in sales.Strategy operations and planning were clarified at monthly and quarterly meetings including product changes. These were addressed by department managers on a regular basis and CEO meetings irregularly, to engage staff. Wood et al (2010) explain leadership has changed from the traditional trait and behaviour approaches to transformational, charismatic, visionary focus and is separate from management. The leadership team at Truelocal formally includes the CEO and p arent company (NDM) leaders.Their leadership function can be observed by their language and behaviours they use a transformational and visionary change approach. Objectives specific performance targets were set allowing staff to earn a higher commission by overachieving set targets, recognition and prizes to increase motivation consistently. Purpose both the CEO and the parent company made organisational goals clearly communicated vision and clarified progress regularly. Recognition was given for the contribution of each department and each business unit to the overall success of the organisation.These changes were managed by senior staff using a combination of change strategy approaches as explained by Wood et al (2010) that include a forced approach of top down command, one way communication, coercive reward and punishment approach, rationalisation approach and shared decision making, empowered approach. Of these approaches no single approach was concluded best by researchers on organisational change and it is advised that more commonly a combination allow for occur, however guidelines are offered to change agents and managers (Wood et al, 2010) consider use of expert consultants communicate the need for change feedback from employees avoid changing for the sake of change study organisational change and structures From this perspective Truelocal management took the right approach by varying the way they managed the change. Change Results The facilitation of clearer and faster communication channels enabled staff to work more efficiently and get things done faster, along with improved technology. Further benefits of this structure were people collaborating in teams, using initiative and increased spontaneous communication while rules, procedures and finale supervision were reduced as described in (Tushman, Anderson & OReilly, 1997).Wood et al (2010) describe the matrix structure is common in large organisations absentminded to improve customer respo nsiveness. Truelocals reporting structure utilised this organisational design as part of the change, for example the finance manager reports to the CEO of Truelocal and to the Commercial managing director of NDM, however Wood et al (2010) note each organisations structure is unique and there is no single observed design. This change is described by Wood et al (2010) as radical. Radical changes are fundamental reorientations and transformational, often initiated by the arrival of a new CEO.Culture & Performance Change Since the change occurred, Truelocals sales department recorded a growth rate of 15% per full time employee (FTE). Some strategies used were Performance appraisal review (PAR) staff are asked to grade themselves on their performance and their use of company values of which are discussed by their managers. For example one of the values is affect and an employee is asked how much impact they contributed to the organisation since the last performance review and they ar e required to give examples of this behaviour. These PARs are held quarterly and annually. Reward and remuneration staff are given targets according to their job level and experience with incentives to over achieve. These targets are called Key Performance Indicators (KPIs). The persons job is broken into task components of which each component consists of a target behaviour that is rewarded. Remuneration is based on the overall percentage of KPI achievement. Recognition employee of the month award was created by encouraging staff to use an online submission for their preferred co-worker who had gone over and above their job requirement displaying one of the company values.In addition the company awards the sales department with the person with the highest dollar value in sales and yearly a larger reward of which one year was a new car. too a newsletter recognises new sales people who achieve early in their job. All of these reinforcements are called extrinsic which are rewards given to someone by another persons valued outcome and because they are environmentally impactful are valued in influencing behaviour through the law of effect (Wood et al, 2010). Cultural change can take years according to Wood et al (2010) however effective cultural change strategies can be used to lose weight the timeframe.One of which is explained by Oakland & Tanner (2007), it is important to align the culture to support the desired change in behaviour. For example Truelocal needed a professional, customer focused culture which required staff to develop professional skills and behaviour. The result was all departments undertook a full training programme designed to increase awareness in communication, with a focus on questioning and empathy. Conclusion Truelocal is a young company and part of the larger and still relatively new parent organisation, NDM, operating under the global News Corporation.The industry it operates in, digital media is one of the fastest growing and chan ging environments globally. It changed from a structure and culture of casual, unprofessional work practices managed within a more bureaucratic structure that was under performing to a transformational, high performing, innovative and professional culture that is customer focused. Truelocal achieved its goal of growth, productivity and change in culture, however many staff were lost in the process and not much planning appeared to be in place.It is unclear as to the omit of planning, communication or use of external consultant in the case of radical change that occurred. One assumption might be due to budgetary restrictions as the company has been running at a loss since it started, reporting a loss this year of over one hundred million. Apart from the successful change management strategies that were used by the change agents, in particular the motivational strategies used by nominated change managers, numerous other approaches were determine that may benefit the organisation for managing future changes more effectively.Reference List Carless, S. A. (2005). Person-job fit versus person-organisation fit as predictors of organisational attraction and job acceptance intentions a longitudinal study. Journal of Occupational and Organisational Psychology. 78 (3), 411-429. Generation Y goes to work (2008, December 30). The Economist (US). Retrieved from http//www. economist. com/business/displaystory. cfm? story_id=12863573 Oakland, J. S. , & Tanner, S. (2007). Successful change management. Total Quality Management, 18 (1-2), 1-19.Tushman, M. L. , Anderson, P. C. & OReilly, C. (1997). Technology cycles, innovation streams and ambidextrous organisations organisaiton renewal through innovation streams and strategic change. Managing strategic innovation and change. Oxford University Press, NY. 2-23. Wood, J, Zeffane, R. , Fromholtz M. , Wiesner R. , Creed A. , Schermerhorn J. , Hunt J. , & Osborn R. , (2010). Organisational Behaviour, Core concepts & applications. 2n d Ed. John Wiley & Sons, Australia, Ltd. Milton Qld.

IBM Essay

IBM is a multinational corporation that deals with communication technology, designing and selling of ne cardinalrking services. The fraternity employees over sixty six thousand employees, its annual revenue as per 2008 was over thirty nightspot billion US dollars. It has its headquarters in New Orchard Road Armonk, New York. IBM is superstar of the top ten companies in the world that has been the most successful in acquiring other companies. Some of the crush companies it has acquired have made it expand its operations as it integrates new skills and technology. IBM stands for transnational Business Machines.The company has won a good number of awards as it continues to receive recognition as the best in computer networking services. A fibre from networking business, the company is also involved in training programs to ensure empowerment of employees in the area of modern technology, Pugh (pp 20-26, 1995). It is also involved in environmental sustainability to increase energy use. Despite the company being founded many years ago when technology was not at its peak, it has continued to make adjustments that has made its carrefours to stand the assay of time.The company is sensitive to technological innovations and is therefore quick to make the necessary adjustments to its product. Being a networking industry, it believes in working with other companies to enhance sharing of ideas. Its consumer lie focus has made it to diversify its productions. The company has always responded to the needs of consumers by reaching them despite their geographical locations. The company has several branches in other nations making their products even more accessible. IBM has had visionary leaders who have always strived to produce quality services.The current CEO, Samuel J. Palmisano is credited for his quality leadership that has made him work with honorable organisations. He is a focused leader who clearly understands his role as a CEO of IBM system. The company con tinues to grow strategically as its employees enjoy a good remuneration. Background of the company Harlow Bundy who was a manufacturer of time records founded IBM which was previously referred to as ITR in 1906. He moved his time recording company from Binghamton to Endicott in 1911. ITR merged with two other companies to form IBM.In the early years of its inception, the company employed three degree Celsius workers bit by 1924 the employees had tripled to over nine hundred. The company had five buildings but by the end of ten years, the buildings had increased to twenty-five. Currently the company has numerous branches with thousands of employees. Currently IBM deals in products such as, IBM 650 RAMAC, the IBM 709 electronic information processing machine, the IBM 1401 data processing system and whatsoever of the System/370. The company was listed on the NASDAQ stock exchange. To enhance its operations, IBM liaised with other companies that would merge their products and talents .The biggest deal of the company was with sentience wind software. The company acquired Bundy manufacturing corp. , computing Scale Company, dey patent company, productivity solutions, green pasture software, trigo technologies and many more Thompson (pp 15-21, 1999). IBM has made several acquisitions, even though some have not been successful it remains to be a leader in comparison to other companies in similar operations. During the dot com boom of 2000, IBM was the best in the world with a capitalization of over five hundred billion US dollars.By April 2009, the company had a capitalization of one hundred and four US dollars and still being ranked among the top companies. It was voted stock of the decade on NASDAQ. In 1990-2000, its7500 serious router was ranked third as the product of the decade. Apart from routing systems, IBM also deals in branch office routers, Ethernet switching, ATM networking, IP telephony, remote access and security. In 2002-2003, the company has receive d several awards namely accident relief and social responsibility in 2008, accessibility and kid smart in 2007, web adaptation in 2006 and reinvention education in 2005.The vision of the company is we strive to lead in the invention, development and manufacture of the industrys most advanced information technologies, including computer systems, software, storage systems and microelectronics. The revenue of the company is one hundred and three billion US dollars, net income is twelve billion US dollars, and total assets are one hundred and nine billion US dollars. The company has three hundred and ninety eight thousand, four hundred and fifty five worldwide. The records of stockholders are five hundred and sixty four thousand, two hundred and forty four.

Bullying And Teen Suicide

Bullying is done purposefully to hurt, threaten or scargon someone. It quite a little be done orally with words or tangiblely with actions. One or more persons can involve in strong-arm and degree of cruelty also varies. Bullying can include name calling, teasing, taenia the person from going where he/she want to go or from doing what he/she want to do, or injuring someone physically.Bullies usually have average or above-average self-confidence, breast for recognition or attention from peers, find pleasure from causing injury to others, make themselves look strong, look to control other people or conditions, and ar expressed as hot-tempered and rash (Zirpoli, 2008). Bullies are common among students that come from families having little tenderness or affection. Parents of bullies monitor their children very little and use even up inconsistently. Parents of bullies also employ inflexible discipline styles, where physical punishment is very common (DeHann, 1997).Students often pr esent the same behavior observed within their plate atmosphere including rude behavior displayed by parents toward each other or toward others. Bullies are not generally model students. Very frequently, they are not winning in school and have poor relations with their teachers. Bullies have trouble with social skills, not capable of making friends easily, and do not even sleep with healthier ways to connect to others. Bullying effects Being a victim of bullying is very traumatic for children. Short term effects of bullying include developing hatredness to go to school.Many victims start to disbelieve all their classmates at school and face problems in making friends. Some victims can develop physical illness or depression. The long term effects of bullying include damage of childs health that continues into adult life. It increases anxiety, damages self-esteem and can cause severe depression. Some children even get suicidal thoughts and commit suicide. The Phoebe Prince, 15, a fr eshman at South Hadley High School in Western Massachusetts, is an example of teen suicide for bullying.Prince hanged herself at her home on January 14th, 2010 as she was subjected to physical mistreatment and verbal harassment on that day (CNN, 2010). Earlier that day, she had been get at at South Hadley High School library when she was studying. The harassment took place in front of a staff member and a lot of students, provided nobody of whom informed it until after the death of the girl. Phoebe was also even annoyed when she was walking through the school hall on that day and was walking on the street towards her house.The bullies also threw a canned drink at her while she was walking home. One male and two female students were involved in the harassment on January 14th. The harassment has been provoked by the groups disapproval with short dating connection of Phoebe with a male student. But, that days events were not the only reason for the death of Phoebe she has been hara ssed verbally and threatened to harm physically since three months until the death of hers. The group, who bullied Phoebe, crossed their everyday limits and exceeded the normal teenage related quarrels.The bullying group was also decided to disgrace her and to make it impracticable for Phoebe to continue at school. She has also been harassed on the internet using social networking sites. But, the bullying was mainly conducted on school premises during school hours (Eckholm & Zezima, 2010). Therefore, bullying can have serious blackball consequences, even death, which happened in Phoebe Prince case. Phoebe took her own life to escape from bullying in school, on Face Book, and through text messages. Therefore, anti-bullying laws need to be implemented and bullies should be punished severely.References CNN (2010). More students disciplined following girls suicide. Retrieved March 31, 2010 from http//www. cnn. com/2010/CRIME/03/30/massachusetts. bullying. suicide/index. html DeHann, L . (1997). Bullies. Retrieved February 1997 from http//www. ag. ndsu. edu/pubs/yf/famsci/fs570w. htm Eckholm, E. & Zezima, K. (2010). 6 teenagers are charged after classmates suicide. Retrieved March 29, 2010 from http//www. nytimes. com/2010/03/30/us/30bully. html Zirpoli, T. J. (2008). Bullying behavior. Retrieved from http//www. education. com/reference/article/bullying-behavior/

Citibank

Policy and Purpose The purpose of the GTAG is to serve as the primary payment rule for defence personnel for prescribed be active expenses incurred during Toys and also every(prenominal) toldows access to the GSA City Pair Program. Military personnel who violate and misuse the rifle score computer menu batch be prosecuted under Article 92 of the Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCM) for failure to obey a lawful order or regulations, as well as any other applicable article of the JACM based on the nature of the misconduct involved.Civilian personnel who misuse or abuse the displace visor may be subject to appropriate administration or capillary action up to, and including removal from Federal service. There be many an(prenominal) laws and documents g everyplacening the hold up mentality computer program. Some of these are listed below Public police force 105-264 public Law 107-314 public Law 109-115 DoD Financial wariness Regulation (DOFFER) Volume 9, Chapter 3 D oD Statement of Understanding You allow learn more about each law and document in this course.Public Law Public Law 105-264, Public Law 109-115 and Public Law 107-314 govern hold up shakes. A brief description of each law is provided below. Mouse over each Information icon to read about each Public Law. Public Law 105-264 Establishes the run low card program within the Department of falsifying (DoD). Mandates the use of a Government-sponsored travel card for costs associated with official Government travel. Public Law 107-314 Establishes the requirement of split disbursement directly to the travel card trafficker.Public Law 109-115 Requires each Executive department and agency to evaluate the credit worthiness of an individual before issuing a GTAG. DoD FM, Volume 9, Chapter 3 and DoD Statement of Understanding The Doffer, Volume 9, Chapter 3 establishes command, supervisory, and personal responsibility for use of the GTAG and the operation of the DoD travel card program. It is the responsibility of commanders and supervisors at all levels to ensure compliance with this regulation.The DoD Statement of Understanding must be signed by each traveler. It states that the applicant understands the provisions of the travel card program and proper use of the travel card. DoD Components may modify the DoD Statement of Understanding to reflect specific organization requirements. Benefits of Using a buy the farm calling card Now that you are aware of the various laws and documents governing travel cards, lets look at some of the benefits.A Travel Card Is an efficient tool for conducting official travel Eliminates the need for you to pay for your own expenses Saves administrative costs incurred on paper-based proceeding Saves costs due to tax exemption status in claim states Improves organization cash management Provides financial readiness Allows access to the GSA City Pair Program Reduces the need to issue traditional travel advances (cash/electronic cash transfer) Individually Billed Account In order to obtain a travel card, you first need to apply for an individually billed account (tipple).An BIB is issued only for payment of the travelers official Government ravel expenses. It is not current for personal expenses it is not transferable and can only be used by the cardholder. Expenses for any individual other than the cardholder and their authorized dependents are strictly prohibited. Payments for travel card solidus are the cardholders responsibility. The Government is not liable for such accounts. You will receive your monthly billing rehearsal directly from the travel card vendor at the address provided on the application and/or the address on file with the travel card vendor.We will discuss how to apply for a travel card BIB in the next topic. Types of Cards The two types of Bias are example and restrict. Use of these cards is limited to official travel expenses only. A restricted travel card helps control delinquency by conclusion the cardholder to a minimal amount of credit. Restricted travel cards look just like standard travel cards. A restricted travel card is issued in the following situations An individual does not meet the credit requirements for a standard travel card. The individual declines a credit check.The commanding officer, supervisor, or APPC requests a restricted travel card be issued. Usually this is done only if there has been financial counseling in the past. Credit Limit The credit limits for standard and restricted travel cards differ with respect to the total credit limit, monthly ATM limit, and monthly retail limit. The table shows the credit limits for standard and restricted travel cards. The cardholders APPC can temporarily raise total credit limits, with the commanding officer or supervisors approval, in order to meet mission requirements.If the cardholders APPC increases the credit limit amount above a certain level, additional approval within the cardholders maj or command, service, or agency chain of command is required. Processing Routine Applications The APPC and travel card vendor will perform the following go when processing routine applications 1. The APPC will verify the information entered by the applicant and complete the billing hierarchy information. 2. The APPC will approve the application within three eld of receipt of the completed application package. 3.The travel card vendor processes the application and mails the card within three business old age of receipt of the approved application. The applicant should receive the card within 10 days of submission of the application to the travel card vendor. Processing Expedited Applications An expedited application will be processed when a traveler is in a TIDY status and requires a card or no longer has possession of their travel card due to loss or theft. The APPC and the travel card vendor will perform the following steps when processing emergency applications 1 . The APPC will call the travel card vendor to request an expedited travel card. . The APPC will fax a hard copy application to the travel card vendor as soon as possible. 3. The APPC will annotate Expedited Application prominently on the application and verify with the travel card vendor whether the application has been received. . The travel card vendor will process and forward expedited cards within 24 hours to the individual cardholders stated address, the TIDY location, or an address as otherwise directed by the APPC. Expedited mail delivery time is 2 to 3 business days. Services are available for travel cards to be delivered in 1 to 2 business days or Saturday delivery. 5.The travel card vendor charges an additional fee for expedited travel cards, which is reimbursable and should be included on the travel voucher. Payment Policy When you start using your travel card, you will receive a monthly billing statement if NY transactions have been made to your account during the billing period. This statement lists all the transactions that occurred during the billing cycle. If there are incorrect transactions on the statement, you may struggle them. Disputes must be filed within 60 days of the statement date on which they first appeared. A dispute form may be obtained from your APPC or on the TOM and/or Cit website.You are expected to make payment, in full, by the due date regardless of whether or not you receive reimbursement. Accounts are past due if you do not pay by the statement due date. Accounts become delinquent and are suspended at 61 days after the statement due date. Fee Policies There are several fees associated with the travel card. These are Late fees Return check fees Expedited delivery fees ATM fees dress fees Address Change It is the cardholders responsibility to notify the organizations APPC and the travel card vendor of changes in contact information (e. . , new address, phone number, e-mail address, name change, or employer). Cardholders should perform the following actions when changes occur to contact information Inform the travel card vendor y using the form provided on the back of the statement or by calling the travel card vendors toll free phone number Contact the APPC affliction to notify the travel card vendor and APPC of an address change may prevent the cardholder from receiving the travel card billing statement on time.In addition, the travel card account may be disagreeable until the correct address is provided to the travel card vendor. fault An account is delinquent when a cardholder fails to pay the outstanding balance in full within 60 days of the billing statement date. After 60 days, the account is suspended and further action will be taken if the account remains delinquent.Contributing Factors & Consequences of Delinquency Some contributing factors to delinquency are Failure to pay the travel card vendor by the billing statement due date Failure to file for reimbursement within 5 days of return from travel Failure to use split- reimbursement to pay the travel card vendor Failure to claim all authorized expenses Excessive/unauthorized ATM withdrawals or card use for personal expenses Failure to update mailing address with the travel card vendor and APPC Some of the consequences of delinquency areCounseling Oral and/or written reprimand Suspension of charging privileges Cancellation of the travel card account Salary Offset interdict reporting to credit bureaus (after 210 days of delinquency) Account Closure and Cancellation While you enjoy the benefits of having a travel card, you must be careful when using it. Misuse of the travel card or not making timely payments can result in account closure or cancellation.A card will be cancelled for the following reasons Two checks returned due to insufficient funds in a 12-month period Two suspensions in a 12-month period (the card will be permanently closed on the third suspension) When the account is 126 days past billing and remains u npaid The travel card vendor may close a travel card account upon the request of the cardholders APPC Travel card is lost or stolen Reduced Payment Plan Salary Offset is the end point used to describe the withholding of money from the cardholders salary.To avoid Salary Offset you may request a Reduced Payment Plan ( mangle). A RIP is a written agreement between the cardholder and the travel card vendor where the cardholder agrees to make monthly payments to the vendor. The number and amount of payments will be negotiated with the cardholder and will be eased on what is required to resolve the entire account balance in a reasonable timeshare. A RIP can be bespeak any time before Salary Offset takes place. You previously learned that one of the consequences of delinquency is Salary Offset.Salary Offset is a process that allows DoD, on behalf of the travel card vendor, to automatically collect payment from the cardholders pay for any amount owed as a result of undisputed delinquenci es. DOFFER Volvo AAA and 8 Travel Card I Travel Card Policies Salary Offset Dispute Process Janet, a cardholder, has received a letter stating her salary will be commencement to pay her liniment travel card account if she doesnt make payment within 30 days. What can Janet do? Once an account is 91 days past the billing statement date, the travel card vendor will send a Salary Offset Due Process Notification letter to the address on her account.Janet may then petition for a earshot, disputing the validity or amount of the debt, and the amount of the proposed offset schedule. It is important that Janet files the request for a hearing within the stipulated deadline stated in the Due Process Notification Letter. If a hearing is requested, the Salary Offset process is suspended temporarily. crash Disbursement cleave Disbursement is required by DoD policy and is there to assist cardholders with timely payment of travel card accounts.When preparing your voucher you need to review the Sp lit Disbursement amounts to ensure money is being disbursed to completely pay all charges made to the travel card. Mission Critical stance Mission Critical Status is a special designation used to accommodate the unique requirements of individuals deployed long-term to locations that prevent them from filing interim vouchers (if authorizations were created outside of TTS) and making prompt payments to the travel card vendor. The APPC or Component Program Manager (CPM) designates Mission Critical Status with prior approval of the travelers commander or supervisor.This status must be authorized in the travel orders. Key Summary Points The key points covered in this class are The GTAG will be used by all DoD personnel (military or civilian) to pay for all costs related to official Government travel. There are laws and policies that govern travel cards, such as eligibility, compulsory use, and the requirement for split-disbursement. Using a GTAG offers many benefits. A travel card is an efficient tool for conducting official travel and enhances financial readiness. There are two types of travel cards standard and restricted.

Explore the ways E.A. Poe uses his narrators to create a sense of terror and suspense Essay

Throughout altogether the stories I have read during the course of studying Edgar totallyen Poe, the narrating has been fairly similar and a spacious sense of tension, fear and believability have been created inn all of them. The stories be all written in the first person, so it is more like a report is being told to you by some one, which makes them all more believable.In The Black Cat and The Tell Tale feel, it is something that drives the narrator mad that forces him to turn over the murders, and in The Premature Burial his fear, being bury alive, is driving him mad. In fact he is being driven over the edge of insanity in all the stories we have studied except two The Fall of the house of Usher and The Pit and the Pendulum, both in which he is nearly killed. In all of them we learn a lot about the narrator, for example, in The Premature Burial, we learn about his background, and a lot about catalepsy and his fear of being buried alive.The narrators are very descriptive of the other characters in the stories and this really adds atmosphere, and makes the reader feel as if they are furcate of the tale. For example, in The Tell Tale Heart, Poe describes the old man- One of his eyes resembled that of a vulture- a pale blue eye, with a film over it. He often uses similes and metaphors, which also helps and makes symbols using characters or objects he mentions, for example, in The Pit and the Pendulum, he describes the candles on a table, as angels, next to the jury that was about to sentence him to death by torture, as images of the devil.In all of the stories we studied, I cant remember the narrators describing any of the other characters as good they were all evil or bad. I dont know whether this portrays that Edgar Allen Poe stereotyped people as bad or evil, but all of the narrators he wrote about did.The emotions that were felt by the narrators were very varied, at clock they were scared, at other times, they were afraid, but whatever emotions the y were feeling, they were very wellspring portrayed and very detailed vocabulary was used. For example- I was sick- sick unto death with that long curse and when that at length unbound me, and I was permitted to sit, I felt that my senses were leaving me. The emotions that the narrators felt affected the stories and the more descriptive they were, the more you could picture them and the more the story came to life in your imagination. This could be why Poe was such a successful writer.The narrators always describe their surroundings and the position they are in very well and this also makes it a lot easier to picture the story in your head. For example, in The Fall of the House of Usher the opening page is only the narrator describing, in detail, the house and its surroundings During the whole of a dull, dark and soundless day in the autumn of the year, when the clouds hung oppressively low in the heavens. This amount of verbal description continues for over a page and sets the s cene very effectively. You feel like you are there, almost as if you are telling the story from personal experience. All of the stories we have studied have had very good description in them and all scenes were set very believably.For another example, in The Pit and The Pendulum, the introduction is in Latin, which gives you the impression that the story was set or written a long time ago. After that, there is a long, descriptive page, setting the scene of the story- It conveyed to my sense the idea of revolution perhaps from its association in fancy with the burr of a mill-wheelThe narrators reactions to either the murders they had committed or items that were about to happen to them were different each time, unlike the narrators feelings about other characters, which were often similar. In The Pit and the Pendulum the narrator did not seem particularly concerned when he sawing machine the sight of his own certain death swinging above him While I gazed upwards at it (for it a s position was directly above my own) I fancied that I saw it in motion. But as the pendulum dropped, his language became much more descriptive and intense Down still incessantly still inevitably down It gripped you more and makes you want to read on. Maybe this is why he had so many occasions in his stories when he was sour or mad, so the reader became gripped and more interested.The endings of Poes stories are often the most memorable part as it is often in the last part of the story where the main murder or event occurs. For example, in The Black Cat, The Tell Tale Heart and The House of Usher, the main event/murder is at the end of the story, with little said after it. In The Black Cat for example, after the murdered cats and wife are found, there are only about twenty lines left of the story, which is not much, considering the huge amount of description Poe uses- I walled up the monster within the tombIn a sense it is really only the narrators in his stories that create a ll the tension, terror and suspense. If it was written in anything other than first person, the same effect would not be given and I dont think his stories would be as good, or as effective.

Men Are More Likely to Commit Crime Than Women

Criminal commitment is one of serious problem in society. There is a question that crime is committed by more men or women. Some people think that women are considered as higher rate in criminals than men. In contrast, others, including me, are in favor of contrary opinion. The first reason is that men are usually quick-tempered. When, problems happen, instead of discuss gently to break appear measures, men frequently talk loudly and beat others. For example, if an accident occurs, men are often furious. They also use rough word to talk. Thus, they possibly wee each other easily.Male self-esteem is quite high, too. Men, due to a little lack of respect from other people, will be angry easily. Additionally, men incessantly want to be respected and admired by other people. They are proud of themselves and want that others also appreciate them. They find many ways to levy themselves. They do special or strange things to attract attention. They let others know that they have ability, power and strength. Many hackers just hack website because of simple reasons, such as demand in showing competence Finally, men are the backbones of families. They have to shoulder great responsibility.One of them is finance. Men are more likely need to find jobs which can help their families pay living expenses. However it is not easy. Consequently, they may earn money by illegal ways, such as fraud, robbery, smuggling In some case, men commit crimes accidently. When their family is damaged by others, they are forced to fight in order to protect their family. There are quitter a mickle of case that as a consequence of self-defense, men commit manslaughter. Concluded, men are easier becomes criminals than women because of their personality and responsibility.

A Bergerian Reading and Chris “Ludacris” Bridges

The whole of our existence is shaped by our experiences the various situations that we find ourselves in. P nontextual matters of our experiences are influenced by what we see, and what we see takes us to new levels of experiences that allow us to situate ourselves in thoughts or visions represented by what we virtually perceive.Interpretations of visual texts, such as works of prowess, therefore are based on our perceptions and points of view, thence leading to subjectivity despite the conventional meanings embedded inside these works of art by the artist.Under these pretexts, various works of art, borne out of the social events, situations, or landscapes in the past, become subjects of mystification. Such are the views or perspectives of John Berger on art, particularly on Franz Hals portraits, the Regents of the Old Mens Alms House and the Regentesses of the Old Mens House (1580-1666) that the social construct from which these works were created are mystified because of its in congruity to modern times.Berger, a seasoned art critique, presented a complex yet analytic perspective on the works of Hals, focusing on their being representative of history and how they are inevitably mystified not only by our perspectives as inhabitants of the modern day world but also Hals, in his own words, oversimplification of what the portraits truly imply.Moreover, because of Bergers analysis and personal critiques on the work of Hals, we as viewers of the visual text, begin to understand that the portraits are not merely images that represent superficial artistic and social elements such as unity and harmony, the ideas make from observing facial expressions, gestures, and such.Further more, Hals works of art are snapshots of the social and economic situations that the artist, the regents and the regentesses found themselves in.The portraits seem to capture the kind of relationship that exists between the artist and the subjects of art, expressing something more a drama that represents a historical landscape that is shared by Hals and his subjects within a social environment that was illuminated and solidified by erect gaps among social groups or classes brought to life by Hals artistry and ingnue in translating emotions and perspectives to visual arts.The analytical perspectives of Berger as explored in his interpretations of Hals portraits shall be utilized to describe the messages or arguments discern able in a portrait taken of the actor/rapper Chris Ludacris Bridges. In order to do so, it is highly significant to go over Bergers perceptions or points of view on viewing art, particularly of Hals portraits, by creating a framework from which the visual analysis of the Ludacris portrait shall be based on.According to Berger, the act of viewing pieces of art may be done in various ways depending on a) ones perspective, b) the artists perspective, c) other peoples perspectives, d) the social, economic, or political situations within which the p iece of art was conceptualized, and e) the present social, economic, or political situations completing a shared link between the past and the present.Moreover, Berger stressed that it is equally important that in order to understand the genuine sense or value of pieces of art, that viewers look or interpret them beyond their personal perspectives and the pictorial nature of the portrait.Viewing art should not adhere to convention of perspectives that was existent during the Renaissance because it limits the span of pieces of art to convey deeper and comprehensive meanings. The convention of perspectives isolates what the viewer might all-inclusively learn cognitively, emotionally or psychologically, socially, spiritually and such.Therefore, reading or interpreting visual texts should be a combination of ones perspectives as they relate to the artists and other peoples perspectives, and the connections between the social, economic, and political situations from past to present. Huma n beings should also be aware that they are represented by and connected to art, as art is also able to view the viewer because of shared visual perspectives.The key to analyzing Ludacris portrait is to view it radically, if we are to align ourselves with Bergers ideologies and perspectives. Ludacris portrait, being an image intended to represent noteworthy style to signify celebrity-like success, borders on deception and absurdity.The explicit message that the artist photographer Robert Maxwell intended to express was associated with the vision of Mot & Chandon and that is, how adapting elegant, stylish, and typical fashion may be translated to remarkableness and success in the limelight that are consequently significant causes for celebration This argument is solidified by the nature of the photographic camera a narrow and limited perspective of things and situations utilized by Maxwell in order to represent a specific idea or though restricted by the visualizations or repres entations of Mot & Chandon, an well-known international producer of champagne that embodies conceptions of splendour, pleasure, and prestige. (Mot & Chandon)

Adoloscence and substance abuse Essay

Adolescence is a critical period in benignant development. It is the period during which souls undergo biological, psychological and genial transformations, as they get under ones skin adults. These transformations occur simultaneously and without conscious ken by youth going through these changes. Any transformation an teenaged goes through whitethorn exact an impact on the introduction and progression of teenage fondness use. Substance maltreat is drug execration. or so nucleus abusers globally ar the insubstantials. This is because their developmental stage is vulnerable to boththing.The brain development of an teen is not fully developed. A teenager may physically resemble an adult but still drop the brain maturation to think like one. To expect teens to found adult like decisions in require to center use is an unlikely expectation for most teenagers. Adolescence is defined as those behavioral changes that take key out between childhood and maturity or adul thood. It is the changing period from childhood to adulthood. Adolescence is viewed as a clipping where biological, psychological and genial transitions take place.It is the most critical stage of human development. During adolescence, different behavior patterns flex more frequent (Cobb, 2006). These behavioral trends include risk- taking behaviors, conflicts between the adolescence peers and parents and greater kindly development. Every single adapts to their behavior depending on how they were brought up, their social interactions and adult influences. The physical development of adolescence is known as puberty. It is the stage a person is able to reproduce (Cobb, 2006). Adolescence Physical development is all about the body changes.It involves genital growth, changes in body odor. Voice changes, growth of pubic hair, breast development and menstruation in female. The psychosocial development of adolescence is complicated. It involves hormones, pick out interests and intell ectual pursuits. All this complicates adolescence development. In this development, stress, depression, lack of sleep, and anxiety are common among teenagers (Johnston et al, 2006). It is during this psychosocial development that teenager teenagers are at risk of bad behavior. This development in the main involvesintellectual pursuits and social interactions. Adolescents brains are usually not fully developed. This be givens a major routine in immature emotional and cognitive development. It is during adolescence that teenagers adapt tardily to different behaviors. How bad and nearly the behavior is depended on how an individual was brought up and the social interactions. Many unfounded behaviors such as substance abuse start at the adolescent stage of human development. Adolescence is as well a time when young individuals take risks that can have a long time cause on their health and well being.Substance abuse is the misuse of drugs. Most adolescents are prone to drugs and substance abuse. This is because the adolescent brains are not fully developed, and this plays a role in the decisions they make. Immature brain sections may place teenagers at prominent risk to the effects of drugs. Misuse of drugs or substance abuse is mostly associated with the adolescents. Globally, it is estimated through research that five billion stack who abuse or use substances are the adolescent (Johnston et al, 2006). Adolescence is a period of significant personal development.It is in this adolescent stage that teenagers are let to make their own decisions. They choose their friends and how they want to live their life. It is during this stage that they can adapt easily to certain behaviors out-of-pocket to influences. It is said that adolescence is the time of testing and novelty seeking. Curiosity on drugs is one way that makes young people abuse substances. Millions of young people try an illicit drug at least once during their adolescent years. The most common sub stance abuse among adolescents is alcohol and tobacco. Most of the teenagers will have tried either of the two or both.It is estimated that twelve years is the average age of children to take their first alcoholic drink. or so 20 percent of twelve to twenty year old is considered to be binge drinkers (Cobb, 2006). Tobacco locoweed is likewise prone to adolescents. Most smokers globally start at their teenage years hence become addicted. It is said that teens are more vulnerable to addiction and receptive to nicotine than are those who start to smoke as adults. Causes of adolescence substance use vary. Peer selection processes, peer influences and cognitive biases play a major role in adolescents substance use.Parental influences also play a role in adolescence substance use. How the adolescent is raised and how the parents behave with them is great to their development. The parent teenage relationship plays major roles in adolescent substance use. Substance abuse has its effect s to an individual. Adolescents who use substances frequently are at risk for healthy problems. Alcohol, tobacco and other drugs have certain effects that can cause mental and heath problems. Substance abuse adolescents are at a high risk for various issues that may disrupt with their development.The physical, psychological and social effects of adolescent substance or drug abuse can have lasting consequences for the individual. This may interfere with a successful transition from adolescence to adulthood. On-going adolescent substance abuse can make an individual be at a greater risk for addiction in adulthood (Cobb, 2006). The physical consequences of adolescent substance abuse affect an individual physical development. Physical injuries and illnesses occur as a moment of drug related accidents and overdoses. The psychological consequences of adolescent substance abuse affect an individual psychological development. mental development is all about the brain. The Misuse and overdo se of substances leads to mental health problems. Alcohol is one substance that affects an individual psychological development (Cobb, 2006). Tobacco misuse can lead to illnesses such as lung cancer. different problems may also arise due to tobacco smoking. These illnesses caused by substance abuse can also lead to death. Prolonged substance abuse can cause depression an anxiety, which can disrupt an adolescent ability to function and develop in a productive manner. There are also social consequences due to adolescent substance abuse.Adolescents who frequently abuse substances are more likely to have issues with their social development. Most of them tend to isolate themselves from family and friends. They are also more likely to have troubles with the impartiality and law enforcers. Due to this, the adolescent substance abuser can bring problems within the family. Adolescence is a critical stage. Parents, teachers and any other adult should be role models for healthy behaviors. T his is because adolescents adapt certain behavior from their peers and adults. Substance abuse affects adolescents mostly, and this can be avoided if the child to adolescent development is proper.Substance abuse causes major risks to adolescence development. Due to this, it is important for adolescents to be taught good behavior and be corrected when they wrong. Parents, teachers or other adults are people who should play major roles in teenagers life. They are a great influence in adolescents hence should be well role models. References Cobb, N. (2006). Adolescence. sassy York McGraw-Hill. Johnston, L. D. , OMalley, P. M. , & Bachman, J. G. (2006). Monitoring the Future National Survey Results on Drug Use. New York National Institute on Drug Abuse.

International Human Resource Management and Organizational Behavior

foreign HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT AND ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR II (1089) Individual Paper Review By Diana Kovacheva ID 0752805 I. Abstract This paper has the purpose to review the seven members and parts of defys state in class and try them with the collaborate of 3 criteria. Firstly, the collar chosen criteria be going to be delimit. Then a abbreviated summary of all(prenominal) term or book chapter is going to be made followed by an valuation according to the menti wiz and only(a)d criteria. . II. The Criteria * goldThis criteria is supposed(a) to define if the information in the word is accredited, not only by stating when it was published, neverthe little in entree by analyzing if this is from enormousness for the purpose/ come forwardcome of the bind. This criterion might be very(prenominal) of import when evaluating factual information, beca employment new findings constantly emerge. However, for some type of information, currency is not an reward. * objectiveness This criterion is supposed to check if the information presented is souselyly based of facts or it full expresses mortalal opinion.Important for the evaluation is to examine whether the claims be logical and credible and if there is evidence for that. * Relevance for practitioners Here it is important to evaluate if the information presumption in the article could be of use for the audience it is meant for. For this paper, under audience is meant concourse who deal with the issue of international human resource instruction and organisational behavior. III. Global passenger cars no longer men aloneThe article of Nancy Adler explores the changing role of women in management position and traces the evolution of the perceptions of the fe virile role and that of diversity in the context of achieverful world(a) management. The introduction to the topic stresses on the fact that the traditional judgment for ones skills and abilities based on sex activity is increas ing the opportunity costs for the companies. Due to the globose escalate competition, it is be sexual climax to a greater extent and to a greater extent all-important(a) for a companys success to recognize a authorization talent regardless of its gender.This has led to an increasing number of female representatives to be found in top leading position. Following this trend, querys close the difference in the management style of both genders thrust trick upn. Furtherto a greater extent, no consensus has been reached on the issue if male and female managers act polarly or they atomic number 18 only if perceived to do so. For the better understanding of this issue, a table with a set of six questions three behavior- vs. hree perceptual-based, ii descriptive vs. quad evaluating, was presented. In it individual assumptions showed varied dimensions of difference, some great deal stating just that both type of managers ar similar or variant, and others evaluating the diff erence as inferior or superior. It was criticized the fact, that most of the assumptions be based on perceptions and not on real observations, due to the fact that still not so legion(predicate) women be to be found in higher positions.After just reclassification of the questions, four burn d consumees were presented well-nigh increasing the number of women in orbiculate management positions 1) Identifying with mens wooes to managing internationally Here management by men is conceived to be superior to that by women and women try adopt their manner of managing 2) Denying difference this approach assumes that there are no differences, there is only one way to manage and both male and female managers are treated identically 3) Identifying with womens approaches to managing internationally here the difference between the 2 gender is agreed upon, but as well as the womens superiority in managing because of the typical characteristics of the female gender and their increasing vastness in doing business worldwidely 4) Creating synergy this approach stresses on the role and synergies of the combine management styles The article in like manner presents the evolution of organizational coating and classifies it into 5 stages 1) Homogenous finis in this startle stage it is mainly the historical-conditioned dominance of men in leading roles.This is possible only when no internal or external pressure is present and diversity is irrelevant 2) Single- conclusion dominance light uponing with men since the 60s, compare on the two genders was promoted which led to an increased number of women in domestic and low-level position 3) defense root of differences the stress here is not on the gender, but on excellent performers. However, the identical treatment of women similar men led to galore(postnominal) women in top positions resigning because of the unsatisfactory conditions 4) Accepting differences companies recognized and appreciated the differen t between the genders and the importance of tolerating womens approach for market segments dominated by women 5) Leveraging differences the increased global competition since the stem of the 20th century has led to the recognition of the importance of diversity and diversity-based erudition and innovation.As a conclusion, the evolution of the role women has played over time was briefly summarized again, stressing on the shift from quantitative to soft measures. The authors mentions that still only few companies have reached the experience level and recommends a to a greater extent open raillery about the importance of diversity. * Currency the article was published in 2002 and most of the sources are from the 90s save more(prenominal), the last trends discussed has started with the beginning of the century and so, are still current * Objectivity the statements made are mostly based on explore on a global level and a logical relationship between the arguments and the stages p resented in obvious * Relevance for practitioners the topic is of high relevancy and importance for practitioner.The issue presented in the article in increasingly discussed globally and represents a crucial part in the modern understanding of management. IV. Creating set with non-homogeneous Teams in Global Management The central issue in this article is how to attain value with global diverse teams and the obstacles that arise using such(prenominal) teams. There teams are believed to have a lot of capability and be able to create signifi send wordt comparative advantage. However, in practice this is usually not the persona because of misunderstandings and lack of interaction between the various cultures. On the other hand, exactly the pagan differences are believed to create value due to the multi-sided approach and innovative solutions they can generate. tally to the article, global teams were divided into three performance categories * The destroyers those team usually underperform because of mutual mistrust and lack of collaboration * The equalizers by suppressing the differences, these teams are just playing on average in order for the business to keep going * The creators here the potential of a global teams is fully concentraten advantage of and cost and time are saved while coming up with new and innovative products at the same time As stated in the article, the success of the creators? team was due to the use of the three principles of stageping, bridging and integrating (MBI). * Mapping to understand the differences i. e. understanding the reasons that lead to the different approach of the team members. This principle includes the following misuses define the territory (identification of the crucial differences), draw the map ( assessment of members characteristics), assess the terrain ( using the map generated in the previous step in order to identify future potential dynamics), develop cartographers ( mapping alone is not enough for h igh performance, incorporating the comeledge is what makes difference). Bridging to exit A crosswalk Differences here of bully importance in the well-functioning communication within the team, the latest define in the article as sending and receiving meaning as it was intended. Three steps are include in this principle prepare the ground ( motivation to communication and confidence to overcome any differences are considered to be crucial, tell apartword here is in like manner self-management), decenter build to the other shore ( adapting one? s behavior and cerebration to the others one, without judgment), recenter span the bridge ( in contrast to the previous step, here essential is the building of a new foundation of interaction after the differences are already known). Integrating to Leverage Differences the terminal principle in order to manage diversity consist of the following steps managing participation for elementary leverage with the encourage of tools and tech niques that can facilitate the interaction and include all the members, resolving disagreement ( also hidden ones) to increase leverage and building on ideas for optional leverage, where everybody should be given the chance to retort part and to express their ideas. In conclusion, the article states that the MBI principles are just a prescription, and not a promise of success. Furthermore, a separate approach for each team should be applied since each team and its potential is unique.Last but not least, the article concludes with the statement that global teams hide great potential, but it takes time and cause in order for it to be exploited. However, global teams belong inevitable to the future and so, the sooner managers try to use differences and not to avoid them, the better their companies will be performing * Currency The topic is quite current nowadays. It has been discussed for a large degree in the recent years and it is also going to be a leading issue in the years to c ome. also, due to the high degree of unsatisfactory performance of such teams, the topic is going to be further analyzed till some form of advance has been found. Objectivity The arguments presented are following a certain, easily-traceable scheme, with logical relationships and empirical supported information. The logical transition from one stage to another is red-bloodedly explained. * Relevance for practitioners this is extremely important topics for practitioners. Because of the effects of increasing globalization and the more isolated movement of people on a global level, work in diverse teams has become a major issue for managers. Especially the fact, that in such teams a huge potential is hidden, makes the article very attractive for this audience. V. Understanding cultures and implicit drawship theories crossways the globe an Introduction to the project GLOBE The article of House et al. ntroduces and gives a more detailed description of the GLOBE (Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness) look into program as well as the motives that hide behind the idea. The aim of the survey is to identify how and to what append could pagan- peculiar(prenominal) attributes have an influence on effective leadership. The need for a deeper understanding of the influence of culture on management and leadership styles has arisen for various reasons. Apart from its practical relevance, nowadays it is also highly important to know in what way one should conduct business in a different cultural environment. In addition to that, factors, not taken into consideration in the existing theories ( e. g. eligion, ethnic circumstance) could play a key role in identifying new relationships. Literature on this issue shows an established connection between culture and leadership styles. However, different points of view also exist. According to the article, some believe that historical background unavoidably has an sham on the degree of cooperation a nd commitment. On the other hand, some aspects of leadership are supposition to be universal in practice. The GLOBE query consists of several phases and different methods are being use in order to study the relationship between societal and organizational culture, as well as organizational leadership.Its team is represented by the Principal Investigator (who is author of the article), Co-Principal Investigators and Country Co-Investigators (CCIs), who have a specific companionship of the examined cultures and are able to interpret the results in a proper way and context. As stated in the article, the main goal behind the idea for the GLOBE project was to develop an empirically-tested guess which examines the impact of different cultural variables on effective leadership. Of course, this was achieved with the help of numerous sub-questions, which studied different aspects of the acceptance of leader behavior. The following phases were used in the explore strain 1 development o f look for instruments (societal and organizational measures of culture) * Phase 2 assessment of nine relevant dimensions and testing the hypotheses made additional measures of ethnic, social, political and economic background were also included * Phase 3 impact and effectiveness of leadership styles, culture-specific and organization-specific aspects long-term effects on the organization In order to conduct the search, unanimous definitions of the examined factors were needed. A consensus was reached about the definition of an organizational leadership and a leader. However, it was not so lightheaded to give a definition for culture. As House et al. states in the article, the chosen variables were indicators of shared modal values of collectivist (House et al, 2002, p. 5) The studied nice dimensions were doubtfulness Avoidance, Power Distance, Societal and In-Group Collectivism, Gender Egalitarianism, Assertiveness ( reflecting the Hofstede dimensions), Future Orientation ( Kluckhohn & Strodtbeck ), PerformanceOrientations ( Mcclelland ) and Human Orientation ( Kluckhohn & Strodtbeck ) . The empirical search identified six of those nine dimensions that could be generalized for different cultures. The results were not presented in the article with further details but a reference to another article of the same author was made. The integrated conjecture in the areas of leadership, values/belief, implicit motivation and organizational form and effectiveness that hides behind the GlOBE manakin is based on various propositions about the relationships between cultural values, leaders actions, organizational and societal culture, strategical organizational contingencies and leaders effectiveness and his acceptance by others. Currency The GLOBE project began in the mid-90s and so, the entropy analyzed has been collected also towards that time, which makes them considerably current. Furthermore, the topic is of great relevance and this would remain so also in the future. Many current studies are also based on the GLOBE project, which marrow that the information and data it tolerates are considered to be up-to-date. * Objectivity The research has been conducted in several phases, also with the purpose of different methods, which means that the results presented could be considered for highly reliable. Also, the logical connection between the arguments and the main points discussed are easy to follow and well-grounded. * Relevance for practitioners Leadership is also one of the main issues of the new century.Due to the fact that business is conducted ecumenic and one and the same company is expanding to new and foreign markets, the enigma of effective leadership has been worrying more managers. This is why this article offer an important and relevant information for managers and leaders. VI. Cultural Acumen for the Global Manager Lessons from Project GLOBE The article by Javidan & House focuses on cultural similarities and a dif ference among more of the countries examined in the GLOBE project, discusses the results and explains their implications for global managers. Globalization itself in considered to be bringing more opportunities, but with regard to cultures, it also brings many challenges.As stated in the article Being global is not just about where you do business. It is also about how you do it. ( Javidan & House, 2001, p. 292). As an introduction to the topic, the authors mention the drivers and results of globalization and their impact on international business. Nowadays different cultures come more and more often in contact with each other and business is becoming more global than ever. The main drivers for that are considered to be the increasing guile between nations, internet, foreign direct investments and various mergers and acquisitions. As a result of that, collision of different cultures in the business life has become something common.From this, however, could not be concluded that cultural differences diminish. Quite the opposite, major problems and misunderstandings arise from the lack of awareness for the various cultural values and practices. This is why the importance of a competent global leader is becoming crucial. His role was even rated the most important factor for business success in a survey of Fortune 500. An expert in international business is required to accustom and take into consideration differences as well as to consider the ideas and opinion of the partners he is doing business with. Because of the mentioned above, the authors stress the importance of the GLOBE project as a guide for managers in international business.With the help of the nine dimensions (already mentioned in the previous article as well), the derived results could be used for better understanding of cultural similarities and differences. In the articles the nine dimensions are briefly explained and the results of cultural practices are shortly presented * Assertiveness e xplained as the extent to which a self-confident and assertive behavior is tolerated. Here high score the U. S. , Austria and Spain low Sweden, New Zealand respectively, the last being thought to prefer cooperation over competition. * Future Orientation the inclination for planning and investing in the future. As highly future-oriented appear Singapore, Switzerland and the Netherlands.On the contrary, Russia, Argentina and Italy are characterized with shorter planning horizon * Gender Differentiation the emphasize on pull together role differences As paying less importance on gender appear Hungary, Poland and Denmark. , where more women could be found on higher positions. On the other hand, in South Korea, Egypt and China men applaud higher social status. * Uncertainty Avoidance in Sweden and Germany more attention is paid to orderliness and structure, whereas in Russia, Greece and Venezuela people are more tolerant towards uncertainty. * Power Distance here high rank Russia , Thailand and Spain, where superiors are granted greater power and obedience. In countries bid Denmark and the Netherlands, however, there is less differentiation in the hierarchal structure. Institutional emphasis on collectivism versus individualism individual performance counts more in countries kindred Greece, Italy and Argentina. Cooperation and collective good is more important in Sweden, South Korea and Japan, where because of historical reasons people tend to help and rely on each other for their survival. * In-group collectivism- in Iran, India and China belong to a group is of great importance. In contract, in Denmark, Sweden and New Zealand people do not feel obliged to the others belonging to their groups. * Performance Orientation in Singapore, Hong Kong and the U. S. results show a high interest in development and training.In countries like Russia, Italy and Argentina people pay more attention to loyalty and tradition than performance and competition * kind orie ntation in Malaysia, Ireland and the Philippines support of each other is highly valued, whereas in Germany, France and Singapore people are more interested in power and material gains. As the authors point out, the results of the GLOBE project provide information managers can rely on when confronted with cross-cultural communication. Because of the high sensitivity of each culture, for successful negotiations it is crucial to be aware of some cultural differences in the other country, concerning direct language and punctuality, contract horizon, power structure etc. As a further advantage of the project, the author point out the high dependableness that the findings provide. All in all, the GLOBE provides guidance and help for the global managers and enhances their cultural acumen. Currency As already mentioned by the evaluation of the previous article, the information that the GLOBE project provides and the possible areas of its implication are a topical relevance and high inter est. Furthermore, the problem discussed in the article in a global problem at the moment and will probably be in the beside decades. * Objectivity Data for the research has been gathered in several phases, also with the usage of different methods, which means that the results presented could be considered for highly reliable. Arguments are logically connected and relationships between the results of the project and the problem discussed are supported. Relevance for practitioners Since globalization brings so many opportunities and doing business abroad always includes minimum a collision of two different cultures, the impact of culture on the business and negotiation process has been of high relevance for practitioners Because the article provides important information in this matter, it could be used as a guide with real-life related tips. VII. Culture the neglected concept The book chapter Culture the neglected concept has as main issue the prediction of behavioral differences cr osswise cultures. At the beginning the role of culture is discussed as a tool for cross-cultural comparison, as well as the different aspects that culture, social system and society imply. However, no clear conclusion was reach at on how to differentiate cultures.Furthermore, the author mentions also that there is a huge diversity within major nations (e. g. Japan, UK, the Netherlands) and also that there are many conflicts within nations. As next, with the help of key studies, the author tries to develop a conceptual framework which would help to identify variables with which cultures could be differentiated. Different studies using economic development factors, or ecological and sociopolitical indicators were discussed, but in both cases there were criticism and inconsistent findings. A positive contribution was considered the work of Hofstede in his book Cultures consequences. He has analyzed a large measure data bank and on this flat coat has developed a model how to compare c ountries.He has classified them into four dimensions power distance, uncertainty avoidance, individualism-collectivism and masculinity- femininity. Of course, that model is considered to be just one possibility in finding differences among on a country level. Hofstedes study was criticized on various basis, but still the data used covers a substantial global sample. Furthermore, conformity is identified in the definition of culture by Hofstede and Rohner. However, it has been pointed out that the core values of Hofstede are applicable to national cultures and not individuals, and as still, they are average results. The Chinese Culture Connection pointed out the necessity to discount cultural bias from the results Hofstede came with.The results of their research overlapped to a great extend with those of Hofstede (three out of four factors). In addition to that, another variable was also proposed which led ulterior on to the supplement of a fifth dimension. Another study by Schwarz was reviewing earlier history and defined three needs as essential biological needs, social coordination needs, and the survival and welfare needs. This study was more analyzing the meaning different people put into values and it focussed more on individuals rather than countries. However, the results were seen as a more detailed version than those of Hofstede. Furthermore, Trompenaars examined value plights across nations.He proposed seven dimensions, some of them very close to the ones of Hofstede plus conservatism-egalitarian commitment and loyal involvement utilitarian involvement. In the last part of the chapter a step-wise approach towards identifying a effective conceptual framework was adopted. Firstly, a search for universal aspects of social behavior, mainly used by social anthropologists and psychologist, has been discussed. In this place universals are further divided into simple, variform and functional ones, the first two mainly used by etic analysis of human behavi or and the third one- in emic analysis. The last one (emic analysis) is considered for the most reliable method for making generalizations on a local level.In this first step also the four elementary forms of social relations by Fiske are mentioned communal sharing , strength ranking (these two similar to two of the Hofstedes dimensions) , equality matching ( i. e. parties relate on the basis of equal contribution) and market pricing (i. e. people use their comparative advantages over the others). The import step mentioned is the dilemma about the cultural causation of human behavior. A problematic point here is to determine if the research question is to be examined at the individual- or at the culture- level (the so called levels of analysis). The article proposed several different approached by different researchers. Furthermore, Smith and Schwartz (1997) proposed the following dimensions autonomy vs. embeddedness and equality vs. ierarchy, which resemble again some of the Hof stedes dimensions (namely individualism-collectivism and power distance), but using the updated results from some more recent studies. Then the authors introduce a further division of collectivism according to the context it is meant in a hierarchical or egalitarian one. According to Parsons and Shils there is also another pair of concept universalism and particularism. The first is describing the equal distribution of justice and the flake the subjective desire to associate with somebody. The final part of the chapter comes back to the major issue if values of people serve as a sufficient orientation point when cultures are being compared. Behavior is also mentioned to play an important role in this matter.Different studies are offering different approaches and assumptions concerning those variables and it is also presumed that this is a potential future field of further research. * Currency Concerning this criterion, this chapter might be classified as a twist old. A reason for that is not only the publication year (1998), but also because many of the studies and data used for it are already dating to even earlier. As it is quite well-known, the new century brought with itself many new directions for the futures and the impact of globalization on culture-related issues changes every now and then. * Objectivity In this chapter various authors and research results are mentioned, however with the criticism that some of the researches conducted do not based on a solid and reliable data.The different concepts are relationships between concepts and studies are explained, but due to the large number of studies and various explanations, the comprehensiveness sometimes goes lost and this might lead to losing the logic of the argument. * Relevance for practitioners the approach in this chapter is more theoretical relevant than practical. Many studies are discussed, which are based on different approaches and research fields. However, less practical applicability in real business life has been detected. VIII. Theoretical Basis Intercultural Communication and Cooperation The article of Thomas begins with a discussion about culture and its meaning.He compares it with a system of orientation that creates a spirit of belonging among the members of the same culture due to its specific features. Moreover, based on the usage of the same symbols and meanings, people can identify that they belong to the same group. However, in the socialization process it often happens that we are confronted with an unfamiliar with(predicate) behavior. Here a crucial point is what orientation signals to use when two persons from different cultures are in a conflict part. A good example of the different approaches of Germans and Americans is given the first handing more customer-oriented and the second caring more about technical perfection.Those examples lead to the conclusion that some general cultural standards exists that can explain why different cultures act d ifferently and the same situation. Furthermore, domain-specific cultural standards also exist, which are backfire to a specific context. Lastly, another study indicates also the existence cultural-specific behavior patterns. The main use of cultural standards in that they provide a helping hand for orientating and explain why the partner behaves unfamiliar. The knowledge of other culture standards can be very important by interpersonal negotiating and cooperating. In addition to national culture, the concept of corporate culture also exists and it is highly influenced by the first one.In an organization, many factors, such as the industry the company in operating in and other job-related factors have an impact on the behavior of its members/employees and and then they can also form a common language and values. It is suggested that corporate culture can be analyzed on the basis a three-level-model suggested by Schein. Those are material and extraneous artefacts (easy to identify, but not to interpret their impact), values, norm and rules of deportment (great influence) and basic assumption (vastly accepted values that help attain corporate goals). Thus, due to the daily interaction people in a corporation create their own subjective reality, based on the common values and social norms.So, as stated in the article, corporate culture is influenced by and influences national culture on the one side, and on the other, there are also subcultures formed within the corporate one. As a further point in the article the effects of internalization are discussed. Because of this phenomenon, the international atmosphere that is more often to find in many work places, cause that many different national cultures collide in an organization. Here an importance should also be paid to the industry the company is operating. The author mentions both the advantages and challenges of internalization and mentions that the inability to identify with the newly formed corporate cu lture can has a serious negative impact on the newly formed company.This is why the issue of the transition from the old to a new system has become a central concern for the leaders of such international corporations. The last part deals with cultural overlap, more precisely, the situation when two people with different cultures (values and understandings too) are supposed to work together. This difference can either remedy the work together or threaten it. In the article four type of behavioural principle are presented either the own culture is considered for superior and the other party has to adapt or wrong versa. The third option would be the one, where the two parties are too different in order to cooperate in any case.The best option, however, is when significant elements of the two cultures and combined and integrated into a new one. A Challenge in those rules is to gain more understanding about the cause-effect relationship of each others behaviour and also to have a deep er understanding about the own way of thinking and judgement and the reasons defining the way of perception of the other. New opportunities could be recognized and exploited only if a person is open for and interested in the different culture, and not taking right away the unfamiliar behaviour for one of lower rang. Obviously, none of the too extreme options (convergence or divergence) are good for the interaction.As stated in the article, differences should be recognized and acknowledged, and a gradual modification of the own, and adaptation to the others culture should follow. The next question that arises is to what extend should that happen? As a conclusion it is said, that interculturality is only possible is one of the partners has a dominant role. However, he should also be able to understand and accept the others behaviour, be tolerant and respect it. This characteristic can be best developed by specialized trainings and intercultural coaching. * Currency The book from with this chapter comes was published only in 2010, which is an obvious sign of its currency. Furthermore, the issue discussed in it is becoming more and more important with the ever increasing trend towards internalization. Objectivity The chapter includes different theories, but no own empirical research. Many situations are given as an example for the stated arguments and those sound quite convincing. Also for the issue discussed, probably observation of behavior in cultural overlap should also be more appropriate. * Relevance for practitioners The topic is quite important for managers doing business abroad. Even if they are not aware of the fact, that cultural overlap can cause huge problems in negotiations or work together, the topic should be severely taken by them. The main argument behind that is the fact that the majority of foreign ventures are not successful mainly due to misunderstandings between the parties. IX.The A, B, Cs of Acculturation This chapter is a review of both theory and empirical research concerning acculturation. The term of acculturation is defined here as changes that occur as a result of continuous first-hand contact between individuals of different cultures (Ward, 2001). Furthermore, it can be divided on the basis of various dimensions. In this chapter the focus falls on sojourners, immigrants and refugees on the one hand, and social identification, culture learning and stress and coping theoretical approaches, on the other. The first of the theoretical approaches social identification- concerns the perception of oneself and others.This can be measured on two levels- on individual (focuses on how acculturation is defined and measured) or on group-level (interaction between a member and a foreigner of a community). Culture learning, on the other hand, blames for the cross cultural problems the foreign parties and suggests that they should adapt to the culture-specific variables. The third approach defines the process of adapting as a series of stress-provoking situations, followed by attempts to cope with them. In a reversed order, those approaches constitute the three components of acculturation- affective, behavioral and cognitive, the so called A, B, Cs of acculturation.The question how to define adaptation has been mentioned as an important point. Many indices resulting from numerous researches have been proposed, each offering different approach and models. However, as common variables in all mentioned measures appear the psychological well-being/satisfaction and the effective relationships with representatives of the new culture. Furthermore, the author proposes two major categories for intercultural adaptation psychological adjustment and sociocultural adaptation that provide a good but still scarce overview. A model that combines the three theoretical approaches and the two aspects of cross-cultural adaptation is further introduced and described in details.On the cognitive side (social identificatio n), three models are mentioned for key changes of cultural identity assimilation of the foreign culture, a middle position between assimilation and segregation (bicultural identity) and the perception of the host and home cultures as independent. The following findings were presented younger immigrants tend to be more easily acculturated men get accustomed quicker than women and second generation immigrants are more opened to adapt. In addition to that, demographic, educational and socioeconomic factor also have an impact on acculturation. However, a testimonial for further theory development has been because of the insufficiency and inconsistency of the existing ones. The next approach cultural learning- focused on behavioral changes in connection with cultural interaction in order to gain useful skills to adapt.Social skills and social interaction has been mentioned as crucial. However, many barriers, may threaten the successful intercultural communication. For example, nonverb al forms, such as gestures, silence or facial expression, that have different meaning across cultures, may lead to even an insult without any purpose. These obstacles can be over masters with the help of cultural trainings, participation and intercultural friendships. sociocultural adaptation could be facilitate with more culture-specific knowledge, it follows a learning curve and it is easier for sedentary groups. Of greatest importance for the last theoretical approach is the prediction of psychological adjustment.For the stress-and-coping approach cultural contact and change are crucial because they lead to the search of a response. Here also a recommendation for further research in the area has been made. In the conclusion the author mentions that concerning acculturation, the field of research is vast. The combination of theory and conducted research contributes to the better understanding of the issue, but it is still not universal. Cultural differences could easily be transla ted into assimilation alarm and psychological and sociocultural problems. Even if great development in the area of acculturation has been witnessed, for the future more comprehensive and larger scale studies would be warmly welcomed. Currency The chapter has been published in the beginning of the century, thus also marking the beginning of the century where borders have less and less meaning. The topic is also one that is highly discussed and many future researches will be directed towards the issue of acculturation. * Objectivity The chapter represents a intermingle of various theories and empirical studies, the results of various relevant to the topic studies has been presented and so, this criteria could be considered as fully fulfilled. * Relevance for practitioners No doubt the problem of acculturation and the impact on a global level is of high relevance for practitioners.Especially since borders has lost their meaning, nowadays people are moving all around the world, and co nsequently, are directly face up with the problem. References Adler, N. Global managers no longer men alone. In The international Journal of Human Resource Management, 2002, Vol. 13(5) (pp. 746-761) Distefano,J. , Maznevski, M. Creating Values with Diverse Teams in Global Management. In Organizational Dynamics, 2000, Vol. 19 (1) (pp. 45-63) House, R. , Javidan, M. , Hanges,P. , Dorfman, P. Understanding cultures and implicit leadership theories across the globe an introduction to the project GLOBE. In Journal of World Business, 2002, Vol. 37 (pp. 3-10) Javidan, M. , House, R. Cultural Acumen for the global manager Lessons from project GLOBE. In Organizational Dynamics, 2001, Vol. 29, (4) (pp. 289-305) Smith,P. B. , Bond, M. H. Culture the neglected concept. In Social Psychology across Cultures, 1998, 2nd edition, Harlow, London, New York (pp. 38-69) Thomas, A. Theoretical Basis of Intercultural Communication and Cooperation. In Thomas, A. , Kinast, E. , Schroll-Machl Handboo k of intercultural Communication and Cooperation Basics and Areas of Application, 2010, initiative edition, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht (17-52) Ward,C. The A,B,Cs of Acculturation. In Matsumoto (ed. ) The Handbook of Culture and Psychology, New York, 2001