The s Reading Process Theory Through The Text Of Mrs...

Yadav Dr. Nidhi Vats M.A. English (Final) Decoding Wolfgang Iser‟s Reading Process Theory through the Text of Mrs Dalloway and Bravely Fought the Queen In the 1960s, the new criticism theory in the American Literary arena focused on the reading of a literary text as an independent form and not to be studied in relation to any context. This gave birth to another theory that began majorly in 1960s and 1970s known as reader response criticism, which also tried to do away with the author‟s role and focused on the reader‟s perception that defined the text‟s subjectivity. In his work ‘The Reading Process-A Phenomenological Approach’, Wolfgang Iser describes about the reading of a literary work or text as an interaction between the reader and the author. In order to understand a text in a better way and to explore its meaning, Louise Rosenblatt in his work ‘Literature as Exploration’ described how the readers should be free from any â€Å"preconceived notions about the proper way to react to any work† (Lewis,C.S.,1961) to experience any work or text individually. Similarly, Iser also want the readers to make a niche for themselves while the aesthetic reading of a wok or a text. Wolfgang Iser‟s reading in reference to two works, namely, Mrs Dalloway by Virginia Woolf and Bravely Fought the Queen by Mahesh Dattani has been assessed in order to have a better understanding and a practical approach in exploration or understanding the meaning of the texts. Mrs Dalloway

Business Law Is A Common Study For People Today - 962 Words

1. Introduction In the era of globalization, business law is a common study for people today as commerce has become our trend in the worldwide. In this report, we will mainly focus on the main component of the law of contract which is consideration. Besides, we also will briefly explain the principles of offer and acceptance of offer in our case study. In this report, the principles of consideration consist of four elements which are consideration must be sufficient and need not be adequate, consideration need not move from the promisee, part payment of debt as satisfaction of a full debt, and past consideration is valid consideration. Moreover, we also have made a depth-research on principles of consideration with a several law cases which can be regarded to each principle. Furthermore, we also will highlights and details the principles in the law cases with a few factual statements which have been proven in famous law books in our country. This research definitely will help us to k now more details about business law in our country. 2. Body 2.1 Consideration must be sufficient and need not be adequate In dictionary, sufficient and adequate have the similar meaning to the word â€Å"enough†. In business law, adequate refers to comparative value of the promisor’s promise and the act or promise given by the promisee while sufficient can be deemed as the accepted range within the promises. (Cheshire Fitfoot Furmston, P.80) The reason why consideration must be sufficient andShow MoreRelatedQualities Traits And Styles Of Leadership1364 Words   |  6 Pagesand evaluate a theory of leadership and the role of one or more ethical leaders in creating and maintaining an ethical business organization. Leaders and their chosen styles of leadership are all different. In an early study of identifying the different styles, Kurt Lewin ,who led a group of researchers in 1939, performed the first major study of leadership styles. 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Thai Elephants and Its Significant Free Essays

string(75) " number of poaching for elephants’ body was also increasing continually\." The elephant, the giant size animal with enormous power and gentle heart, is a living creature that have special place in Thai’s heart. It has been the icon of Thai tradition, culture and royal power through centuries since the old Siam. The thousand and thousand years of relationship between Thai people and elephants are even recorded and can be found abundantly on the pages of Thai’s historical book. We will write a custom essay sample on Thai Elephants and Its Significant or any similar topic only for you Order Now Because of their long association, it surely can be said that Thailand is to elephants and elephants is to Thailand. The elephant has been an integral part of Thailand’s history and culture through both good time and war time. It is a symbol of tradition, history, royal, fortune and superstition. According to Buddhist legend, Queen Maya of Sakya, Lord Buddha’s mother, was dreamed that a divine Bodhisattva on white elephant touched her side. Later she became pregnant. This is why elephants are place in high esteem and reverence to Thai people, and white elephants are representing as high dignity and majesty. Therefore, the white elephant was a national emblem on Siam’s national flag. Moreover, the elephants are on Thai’s stamps, Navy flag, Bangkok Metropolitan Administration, coins, architectures, Buddhist art, temples and many more. The country annually celebrates the 13th of March as Elephant Day. In general, elephants are the largest land animal that exists now. They are great in size with enormous strength, intelligent, and gentle creature. Elephants are highly socialized animals. They live in forests, grassland and scrub with their family herds and friends. The life span of elephants is closely equal to human beings, approximately 70-100 years. The elephant’s gestation period is between 18 to 22 months. Elephants become sexually mature at the age of 16 as their early teens. A mature male elephant of age 20 is usually stay in pairs or a group of three. There is a hierarchy in elephant, the dominant adult male elephant with experience and strength is established and gain respect from their younger elephants in the group. The older female with years of accumulated knowledge is respected by the female members. The prime life of elephants that reach the peak of their physical power is between the ages of 25-40. They begin to slow down after the age of 40 and set in approximately at the age of 55. They normally live for 80 years or more. Elephants are herbivorous. They enjoy a variety of vegetation like bamboo, grasses, trees, plant leaves and fruits. A mature elephant can consume up to 200-300 kilograms of food and 60 gallons of water a day. Elephants are the kind of animal that love affection and attention. They have a gentle hearts and value friendship. Thai elephants have shared history with Thai people in traditional and cultural ways since the days of old Siam. Historically, elephants were people main transportation, labor and warfare. Based on historical recorded, elephants are supreme importance in the battlefield. The most renowned elephant war was 300 years ago between Thai and Burma. They were used as the main source of army with fully plate amours. In elephant dual, commanders would sit on elephants’ backs and combat adversaries. In the battlefield of the late 17th century, there were as many of 20,000 war elephants in Siam’s army. There were four renowned war elephant in Thai’s history as follows: the battle between King Ramkhamhaeng and Khun Sam Chon during Sukhothai era, Chao Aye Phraya and Chao Yee Phraya in early Ayuthaya era, Queen Srisuriyothai and Pharachao Prae, a Burmese commander in Ayuthaya Era, and King Naresuan and the Burmese Crown Prince in Ayuthaya Era. Recently, the films called ‘Srisuriyothai’ and â€Å"King Naresuan† were made. War elephants were included as an important part of the movies. The importance of Thai elephants is not only for the used in battlefields. Elephants are also the prestige animals to Thai’s Kings, specifically white elephants. A white elephant is a symbol of royal power. It features King’s power and monarch by numbers. It is believed that the more white elephants held to the King, the more King’s power in the adversaries. However, a white elephant is rare and is registered as the private property of reigning Monarch when they once found. It represents auspicious and the king’s prestige. White elephants are known as Royal elephants. It is noted that H. M. King Bhumibol also has stables of white elephants. The white elephant was also featured in the Siam national flag until the country had changed the name to Thailand. In the old days when the nation was not occupied with wars, elephants became the use of beast of burden. With their great size, enormous power and talent, elephants were capable as best carrier for heavy matters and human’s transportation. Not long ago, elephants are used for the forest work where machines are not determined as best equipments. The labor of elephants is preferred as they would not devastate even small crops. In fact, they were required years of training start from the age of 4 and were trained by two mahouts for about twenty years, and then put to work in the timber industry. Working elephants have a career of about 50 years and then set free as their retirement at the age of 61. Their daily tasks were the extraction of heavy teak logs, haul logs, carrier and mountaineer. The working elephant is capable of lifting up 700 kilograms of log with tusks and dragging the load of 1. 5 tons. Elephants have work schedule and future career just like we do. Due to the ban of logging industries from Thai’s government in 1989, the elephants’ situation came to the downside. Thousands of them were thrown out of work. Moreover, the deforestation and the decrease of forest surface due to the big increase in human population affected the habitat loss of elephants. Many elephants died from starvation. The number of poaching for elephants’ body was also increasing continually. You read "Thai Elephants and Its Significant" in category "Essay examples" The above causation led to the dramatic drop in numbers of elephants in Thailand over the past hundred years. In the early 20th century, there were the numbers of approximately 300,000 elephants compare to the numbers of approximately 3,000 elephants that extinct today. Thai elephants are in the severest situation. Nowadays, several projects and conservation are constituted to preserve wild life elephants. The project of bring elephants home is to support elephants in Thailand as well as their mahouts and families who depend mostly on elephants for survival. These organizations are trying to gather as many numbers of elephants in the area, training them, and recruiting them new jobs. Elephants are reemployed mainly for tourist’s entertainment. The elephant show is what they are currently doing in the Thai Elephant Conservation Center in Lampang, the Elephant Nature Park in Chiang Mai and the Khao Yai National Park for example. Elephants will be train to entertain tourists. Thanks for their innate intelligence, elephants can do various kinds of sports and games such as drawing picture, playing football, dancing, racing, trekking, logging, and caravan. They love games and music. The elephant show attracts great numbers of visitors from Thai and foreign countries. However, there are some elephants sent to the forest and mountain to learn how to work. No matter how elephants have always been loved to Thai people, there are numbers of elephants have been sent abroad recently. According to news, Thai government had export 8 elephants to China. Another eight elephants were export to Australian zoos in 2006. It is claimed that elephants were sent for research and development purpose. Australia bought 8 elephants for a breeding program of endangered species. However, there were controversy and protest from animal rights activists before the elephants’ journey to new home. Last year, one of the eight elephants gave birth to a new male baby born elephant at Sydney’s Taronga zoo. And there are two female elephants on gestation. The shrinkage of forest areas in Thailand seems to be initial problems to the current situation of Thai elephants. 70 percent of the forest areas disappeared in less than a century. Even though, logging was banned in 1989. There is still ongoing illegal logging. The forest devastation affects elephants’ habitat and inadequate food for survival. Daily high consumption of elephants threatened the owner and themselves. This situation leads the problem of elephants roaming in the city street for money by their owners. Nevertheless, there are more problems that threaten the numbers of elephants and put elephants in endangered species. Illegal poaching for elephants’ live capture, tusks, calves, ivories, meat and other part of the body for trade and medical use are definitely severe threats as it can also distort sex ratios in the population and affect reproduction. Moreover, there is the conflict issue between human and elephants on the protected areas. When human population have been increasing, forest areas have been destruction for farms, settlements, and other facilities to serve human needs. Starved elephants enter the new protected areas that used to be their forests and hunt for food on human’s crops and other agricultural plants. They cause damage to human’s properties. Later, human try to protect their farmlands from the invaded elephants. Sadly, the protection is resulting in elephant’s capture, poison, electrocution and shooting. There are many research and report done by conservationists to reduce the impact and mainly to preserve the giant living creature from the soon extinct. Currently, Wild elephants in Thailand are on the protected species under the Protection of Wildlife Conservation Act 1992. But it doesn’t seem to be enough action according to the reducing numbers of elephants. The population of wild elephants is decreasing continually whereas the population of domesticated elephants is increasing. Therefore, wild elephants should be put on endangered species list. This is to protect them from poaching and commercial purpose. Same as domesticated elephants that are currently under the Beast of Burden Act, they should be considering remove from the Beast of Burden Act and replace with the Protection of Wildlife Conservation Act 1992. Restriction of the ownership transfer should be considering as well. It can protect future trading. Regular elephants’ Medicare, food and veterinary are necessary and need to be provide by government or organizations to solve the loss problem. It is because the nurture cost for elephants is relatively high and most elephants’ owners are poor, then they could not afford the high cost. It is time to put elephant’s monitoring in systematic. The record of birth, transfer, breeding and death should be strictly report to keep the most accuracy track on elephants’ situation. The one widely seen problem of elephants is the mahout’s roaming elephants on the city street. It should be strictly ban to protect elephants from sickness and accident. Also, Mahouts should be provided with appropriate jobs, therefore they would not bring elephants to the city street. New elephants’ habitat is important and need to be processed in suitable areas. It is suggested by Thai Elephant Research and Conservation Funds, TERF, that Thai need new elephant law. The law should be in serious condition and long term conservation for both wild and domesticated elephants. At present, wild elephants in Thailand are protected under national law and the CITES treaty which involve the prohibition of ivory trade. It is obvious that Thailand’s long national emblem of power and peace is in severe condition. The modernization of the country that replaces the old traditional way of living may favor Thai people in 20th centuries. Unfortunately, it doesn’t seem to be the same favor given to elephants. The awakening is needed to preserve the living magnificent and generous animal of the country’s liberated heroes from the extinction. How Thai can be proud with the loss of national emblem. Next generations of the next would not delight to see their unsung hero through the historical text books or elsewhere. Elephants, friends of ours, need abruptly attention and great concerned. Elephant is to Thailand and Thailand needs elephants. It is not only for the history, but it’s for the future of the nations and eternity. How to cite Thai Elephants and Its Significant, Essay examples

Stakeholder Local Environmental Group †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Stakeholder Local Environmental Group. Answer: Introduction The reported below used 2016 Annual Report with particular focus on the sustainability to help the Local Environmental Group understand how best Alumina Limited engages in practices and operations that might harm the environment and the mechanism that the company is undertaking both proactive and reactive ones to mitigate the effects to the environment. The report basically examines Alumina Limiteds commitment to report on the non-financial performance highlighted on its sustainability policy and its commitment to high-levels of transparent disclosure. The report will make the Local Community Group where Alcoa World Alumina and Chemicals (AWAC) undertakes its operations that may greatly affect the environment if unchecked. The report will mainly covers AWAC operations where the highest sustainability impact depends. The report will help provide an easy access to the consolidated information regarding the sustainability performance of AWAC and culminate in greater understanding of quality and value of such assets. Interpretation Alumina Limited Profile The Company is a leading Australian firm listed on the ASX and trades in the United States on OTCQX market. Alumina invest globally in bauxite mining, chosen aluminium smelting operations and alumina refining via its forty percent ownership of AWAC. The Alcoa is Aluminas partner Alcoa Corporation which owns the remaining sixty percent of AWAC and Alcoa Corporation is the manager. Alumina Limited is a typical representation of a distinct opportunity for the AWAC pure investment, one of global biggest producers of bauxite and alumina. Alumina has a clear understanding of the fundamental association between AWACs long-run profitability and sustainability of AWACs operating performance. The decisions made today by Alumina is clearly understood by Alumina Limited to have direct influence on future economic, environmental as well as social outcomes. The Alumina Limited acknowledges that sustainable development alongside growth remains fundamental to AWAC and hence recognize Alcoa Corporati on as the global leader in the corporate sustainable development. Sustainability: Overview Alumina Limited and Alcoa Corporation share a common belief that the impacts of its business stretch past its corporate borders thereby affecting social, economic and environmental elements of the stakeholders. Alumina Limited recognizes stakeholders to range from individuals affected directly by business; workers, suppliers, customers, shareholders, and the public in localities AWAC operates to those individuals impacted indirectly like uses of end product. Such a recognition is important to the Local Community Group (chosen stakeholder) to which report is intended since their objective is to protect all these mentioned stakeholders. Alumina Limited holds that to operate sustainably, the company has to acknowledge the responsibilities to such several interested parties and subsequently act accordingly (Kurup, Altham and Van 2005). AWAC has harnessed the resourcefulness, competency, capability as well as strength of the workforce thereby developing business responsibly and establishing a positive legacy for its several stakeholders that this local group seeks to protect (Deegan and Islam 2012). The sustainable operations of AWAC are driven by the belief that sustainability regards working more efficiently and effectively to enhance environmental outcomes as well restrain the environmental impact, enhance quality of life (QoL) of individual impacted by the operations of AWAC including AWAC employees safety and health thereby driving business performance and long-run value to its stakeholders. Alumina Limited is effective since it believe that sustainability goals must be integrated into business strategy as well as processes instead of a subordinate attempt that risks dilution. Despite being non-operating partner in AWAC, Alumina turn to, and support, Alcoa (global leader of best-practice sustainability), operating manager of AWAC, it its programs that drive sustainability (Fergusson 2014). Sustainability Material Risk and Long-run Objectives The Energy Usage Alumina Limited has effective availed information that helps check on the potential impact on sustainability of AWAC and long-run global objectives have been established by Alcoa to mitigate impacts. The company recognizes that energy is an important element in production of alumina and Aluminium. The firm has presented measures taken to ensure energy is used in an efficient manner as energy efficiency remains a key factor in sustainable environment performance. The report outlines that Almina Limited uses a 2005 as baseline where it has set a target to ensure ten percent reduction in energy intensity of the AWACs global operations by 2020 and this is expected to be 15% by 2030. Water Management and Security Alumina Limited report has clearly outlined the measures that are undertaken to ensue effective management of water and security. The company recognizes in its report that water is essential raw material utilized at each point of mining, smelting and refining operations of AWAC. The report reveals that the company is keen to ensure water sustainability as its scarcity will greatly impact AWACs production, costs, and performance financially. The report uses the 2005 baseline and projects a twenty-five reduction in average freshwater-usage intensity alongsidde30% by year 2030. Emissions The report recognizes the need to reduce emissions because production of Aluminium remains an energy-intensive operations. It recognizes how significantly carbon footing is affected by electricity energy provider. The report identifies clearly that Greenhouse gas emission (GHG) are natural corollary to the energy-intensive AWACs operations. The firm has subsequently highlighted in the report the need to set targets for reduction in both direct and indirect carbon dioxide equivalent intensity for international operations by 30% by 2020 and 35% by 2030. Land Management and Rehabilitation The report identifies bauxite mining as a contributor to most land being disturbed by operation of AWAC. The company recognizes the need to commit to minimize disturbances of original habitat. For this reason, AWAC work closely with community and regulatory stakeholders towards the restoration of such lands impacted to most productive use feasible, encompassing, where possible, re-establishing conditions for pre-operation. The report identifies the seriousness of Alumina Limited to achieve aggressive minimum environmental footprint for every mine by 2020. Waste The report clearly highlights the extent to which Alumina and Aluminum processing create waste product. It gives all information indicating that the most significant waste is bauxite residue approximated to be 1.5 tonne of residue result a tonne of produced alumina. The reports highlights that Alumina Limited prioritizes the minimization of waste via innovative process alongside alternative use for waste products to reduce environmental footprint of AWAC. The company has set to rehabilitate thirty percent of total bauxite residue storage region by 2020 which is expected to hit 40% by 2030. The company also aims at recycling or reusing fifteen percent of bauxite residue produced by 2020 and thirty percent by 2030. The company has also set to reduce bauxite residue land requirement a unit of alumina generated since 2005 by fifteen- and thirty by 2020 and 2030 in that order. Workforce Health and Safety The report highlights how strong systems and focused safety culture committed to endless enhancement are used to manage safety in the complex mining alongside manufacturing environment of AWAC. The report shows how substantial intellectual, system and financial resources investment has been done by Alcoa to ensure workforce health and safety by understanding the core drivers of safety behavior. The report indicates that Alumina Limited undertake such investment to get rid of facilities and serious injuries from operations of AWAC. The companys objective is zero fatalities and serious injuries as well as illness. Sustainability Approach Alumina Limited supports Alcoa to manage AWAC thereby achieving best practices in safety, environment, community as well as financial performance via strong, collaborative as well as informed governance. Alumina Limited together with Alcoa review AWACs long-run sustainability objectives and strategies. The report also outlines that Alumina Limited supports sustainability practices and policies implemented by Alcoa in AWAC to guarantee sustainable operations (Solutions 2016). The companys Board always assess any potential risks to environment via its own risk assessment processes. Adherence to Environmental Regulation Australian AWAC operations adheres strictly to several Commonwealth alongside state laws that govern the environment protection in water and air quality, emission of waste and disposal, assessment of environmental impact, rehabilitation of mine, access and use of ground water (Corder, Van, Lay and Van 2006). Most AWAC operation adhere to licensing requirement to conduct activities under environmental protection legislation of state of operation. AWAC also adhere to specific licences to subject site requirement. Sustainability Challenges The report has recognized some of the sustainability challenges that the Local Community Group need to acknowledge. The processes that are used by the company are highly aluminium and resource intensive which a key challenge to sustainability. Refining alumina from the bauxite calls for substantial energy in terms of steam and heat. Smelting Aluminium consumes substantial amount of electricity used in the conversion of alumina into aluminium metal through an electrolysis process (Cooling 2007). Whereas the alumina and aluminium production produce significant social and economic benefits, Alumina Limited remain mindful of need to balance such activities with responsible environmental stewardship to allow the minimization of adverse impacts on the local environment as well as the neighboring communities (Mudd 2007). Some of the key sustainability challenges that faced AWAC have been clearly identified. There was a challenge of energy sources for the energy intensive business but the company has engaged the experts to assess the potential of harnessing solar energy to reduce the impacts on the environment. The company also faced a challenge of improving energy efficiency in order to conserve energy as well as reduce related emission for sustainable environment (Beers, Bossilkov, Corder and Berkel 2007). The firm further face a challenge of bauxite residue as well as storage to reduce footprints as well as move towards alternative utilization for residue but the company has since introduce new technology for filtration. The company also faced a sustainability challenge of reducing carbon emission in order to enhance emissions intensity as well as reduce the absolute emissions. There was also a problem of water management to reduce the usage of freshwater. Further, Alumina Limited faced a challenge of minimizing impacts to biodiversity and land. Environmental Improvement Plans The Alcoa has taken the front foot strategy towards addressing the climate change by working closely with local communities. Alumina Limited is also working with the local communities to reduce the greenhouse emission via energy efficiency, productivity enhancement as well as technological innovations (Andrew and Cortese 2011). This is done by preparing environmental improvement plans (EIPs) for every location. Many of Alumina Limited operations in Australia engage with local communities when developing such EIPs. These plans are public commitments to endlessly improve environment performance, decrease environmental impacts as well as developing more sustainable practices. The EIPs help deliver enhanced transparency as well as accountability (Van and Bossilkov 2004). Conclusion The Local Community Group needs to understand the policies and strategies that Alumina Limited have taken to ensure sustainable environment. From the analysis, it clear that Alumina Limiteds report presents detailed information on how it ensures limited impacts on environment despite its high amount of waste and greenhouse gas emission and intensive energy requirements. Understanding these policies, practices and strategies will make the Local Community Group (selected stakeholder) meets its needs of ensuring that all the other stakeholders of Alumina Limited are protected from the Companys operations. It will help the stakeholder to adopt such policies, practices and strategies as a teaching tool to help create awareness in the local community to conserve environment. The Group also needs to advice other companies to remain sustainable. Therefore, this report provides them the platform through which they will acquire the best practices as adopted by Alumina Limited to reduce negative impacts of their operations on the environment. The report has also availed the specific environmental regulations that Alumina Limited must adhere to, such information is of great interest to this stakeholder in creating awareness. The limitation of the report is that it does not shown in monetary terms the impacts of the AWAC operations on the environment. It would have been appropriate for the report to reveal its cost to environment or the negative externalities it creates. Such an information would have helped the Group to understand how much the operations affect the environment and come with suggestions on how Alumina Limited can pay for such costs. References Andrew, J. and Cortese, C.L., 2011. Carbon disclosures: Comparability, the carbon disclosure project and the greenhouse gas protocol. Australasian Accounting, Business andFinance Journal, 5(4), pp.5-18. Beers, D., Bossilkov, A., Corder, G. and Berkel, R., 2007. Industrial symbiosis in the Australian minerals industry: the cases of Kwinana and Gladstone. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 11(1), pp.55-72. Cooling, D.J., 2007. Improving the sustainability of residue management practices-Alcoa World Alumina Australia. Paste and Thickened Tailings: A Guide, 316. Corder, G., van Beers, D., Lay, J. and van Berkel, R., 2006, June. Benefits and success factors of regional resource synergies in Gladstone and Kwinana. In Green Processing Conference (pp. 5-6). Deegan, C. and Islam, M.A., 2012. Corporate commitment to sustainabilityIs it all hot air? An Australian review of the linkage between executive pay and sustainable performance. Australian Accounting Review, 22(4), pp.384-397. Fergusson, L., 2014. A sustainability framework for the beneficial reuse of alumina refinery residue. Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering, Science and Technology, 1, pp.105-120.Finance Kurup, B., Altham, W. and Van Berkel, R., 2005, February. Triple bottom line accounting applied for industrial symbiosis. In 4th Australian Life Cycle assessment Conference, Sydney, Australia (pp. 23-25). Mudd, G.M., 2007. The sustainability of mining in Australia: key production trends and their environmental implications. Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University and Mineral Policy Institute, Melbourne. Solutions, R., 2016. Residue management sustainability review: Aughinish Alumina Limited. Van Berkel, R. and Bossilkov, A., 2004. Sustainable development reporting in the Australian minerals processing industry. Green Processing, 2004, pp.185-195.